22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Condition
22q11.2 deletion syndrome is a genetic condition that causes a combination of medical problems. These problems may include heart defects, cleft palate, speech or feeding problems, difficulty fighting infections, low calcium levels, kidney problems, learning or behavioral issues, and facial differences.
Learn more about 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome (DiGeorge Syndrome)
Abdominal Pain in Children
Condition
Abdominal pain is discomfort or pain located anywhere between the chest and the pelvis.
Abrasions
Condition
An abrasion is a superficial rub or wearing off of the skin, usually caused by a scrape or a brush burn.
AC Joint Injuries
Condition
AC joint injuries are common sources of shoulder pain caused by fracture, displacement, or arthritis.
Achondroplasia
Condition
Achondroplasia is a genetic bone disorder, affecting one in 20,000 babies. It is the most common type of dwarfism.
Acne
Condition
Acne is a chronic disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands located in the middle layer of the skin.
Acne Peel
Treatment
Acne peels contain a liquid solution of either mandelic, glycolic, or salicylic acid that causes cell turnover to improve skin texture and pigmentation.
Acupuncture
Treatment
Acupuncture refers to the insertion of tiny, hair-thin needles into the skin at strategic points to ease pain and treat many illnesses.
Acute Bronchitis
Condition
Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of your child's bronchial tubes.
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Condition
Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) involves a brief but intense attack of inflammation (swelling) in the brain and spinal cord that damages the brain's myelin.
Learn more about Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM)
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Condition
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a neurologic condition that can cause muscle weakness and possible paralysis.
Acute Kidney Injury
Condition
Acute kidney injury is when a child’s kidneys suddenly stop working from an infections, disruption of blood flow, surgery, or exposure to medications.
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)
Condition
In the form of leukemia known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a group of white blood cells called lymphocytes is affected.
Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Condition
Acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, is a quickly progressing type of blood cancer.
Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy (ANE)
Condition
Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare but serious condition that causes brain damage following a viral infection, most often influenza (the flu).
Acute Transverse Myelitis
Condition
Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) involves a brief, intense attack of swelling in the spinal cord that damages myelin.
Adamantinoma
Condition
Adamantinomas are slow-growing cancerous bone tumors that form primarily in the tibia (shin bone) but occasionally in the jaw, forearm, hands, or feet.
Addison's Disease
Condition
Addison’s disease is a rare disease in which the adrenal glands aren’t functioning properly, causing a hormonal disorder.
Adenovirus Infections
Condition
Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that cause respiratory (breathing) illnesses.
Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Condition
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental issue where people have trouble paying attention and controlling impulses.
Learn more about Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Adjustment Disorders
Condition
An adjustment disorder is defined as an emotional or behavioral reaction to an identifiable stressful event or change in a person's life.
Adrenal Tumors
Condition
Adrenal tumors are masses that grow in the adrenal gland, the organ responsible for producing hormones in response to physical and emotional stress.
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Condition
Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of the adrenal glands.
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD)
Condition
Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare genetic condition that causes the buildup of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the brain.
Advanced Endoscopic Procedures for Esophageal Disorders
Treatment
Advanced endoscopic approaches treat problems such as esophageal strictures, leaks, and perforations.
Learn more about Advanced Endoscopic Procedures for Esophageal Disorders
Airway Obstruction
Condition
Airway obstruction, also known as foreign body airway obstruction, happens when a small item gets stuck in a child’s throat or upper airway and makes it hard for the child to breathe.
Alagille Syndrome
Condition
Alagille syndrome causes progressive destruction of the bile ducts.
Allergic Colitis
Condition
Allergic colitis is a condition in which your baby’s immune system overreacts to the proteins found in cow’s milk.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis
Treatment
Allergic contact dermatitis is a skin rash caused by exposure to a particular chemical or ingredient.
Allergic Rhinitis
Condition
Allergic rhinitis is a reaction that occurs when your child breathes in something they are allergic to.
Allergies in Children
Condition
Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system. They happen when the immune system fights harmless foreign substances called allergens.
Allergy Immunotherapy
Treatment
Allergy immunotherapy increases your child's resistance to specific allergens by introducing small doses of each allergen into his or her bloodstream.
Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (AATD)
Condition
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is the lack of a protein made by the liver that’s released into the bloodstream.
Alpha-mannosidosis
Condition
Alpha-mannosidosis is a condition characterized by an inability to break down complex sugars in the body’s cells.
Alveolar Soft Part Sarcoma
Condition
Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a malignant soft tissue tumor.
Amniotic Band Syndrome
Condition
Amniotic band syndrome (constriction ring syndrome) happens when fibrous bands of the amniotic sac get tangled around a developing fetus.
Anaphylaxis
Condition
Also called anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis is a dangerous reaction to an allergen.
Anaplastic Astrocytomas
Condition
Anaplastic astrocytomas are brain tumors that arise from brain cells called astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell.
Androgen Insensitivity
Condition
Androgen insensitivity is a rare genetic condition that blocks the body from using male hormones during fetal growth and after birth.
Anemia
Condition
One of the most common pediatric blood disorders, anemia has many potential causes.
Anencephaly
Condition
Anencephaly is a condition present at birth that affects the formation of a baby's brain and the skull bones that surround the head.
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
Condition
Aneurysmal bone cysts are blood-filled, fibrous cysts that expand the bone and can cause pain, swelling, and fractures.
Angelman Syndrome
Condition
Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that causes developmental and neurological problems.
Angiofibroma
Condition
Angiofibroma is a relatively rare tumor that grows in the back of the nasal cavity. It occurs almost exclusively in adolescent boys.
Angiogram
Treatment
An angiogram is a minimally invasive test that maps the arterior veins in a part of your child's body.
Angioplasty
Treatment
Angioplasty is a minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure in which imaging technologies are used to guide a catheter into an artery or vein.
Angiosarcoma
Condition
Angiosarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the blood vessels or lymph vessels.
Animal Allergy
Condition
Children who are allergic to animals are reacting to animal proteins found in dander, saliva, and urine.
Ankle Sprain
Condition
An ankle sprain is a stretch injury of the ligaments that support the ankle.
Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery (AAOCA)
Condition
Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart condition.
Learn more about Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Artery (AAOCA)
Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
Condition
Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a congenital heart defect in which the left coronary artery arises abnormally from the pulmonary artery.
Learn more about Anomalous Left Coronary Artery from the Pulmonary Artery (ALCAPA)
Anorectal Malformation
Condition
Anorectal malformations are birth defects in which the anus and rectum don’t develop properly.
Anorectal Manometry
Treatment
Anorectal manometry helps find the cause of constipation, stool accidents, or other bowel problems.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Condition
An ACL injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament tears, often as a result of cutting and pivoting during sports.
Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES)
Condition
Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) occurs when nerves within the abdominal wall become pinched or entrapped within the abdominal wall muscle.
Learn more about Anterior Cutaneous Nerve Entrapment Syndrome (ACNES)
Antibiotic Allergy Testing
Treatment
Antibiotic testing helps us to determine if your child is allergic to some antibiotics.
Antroduodenal Manometry
Treatment
Antroduodenal manometry helps to find the cause of vomiting, feeding difficulties, and other bowel problems.
Anxiety Disorders
Condition
Anxiety disorders are concerning when anxiety no longer protects the child, and instead gets in the way of their ability to function in a healthy way.
Aortic Valve Disease
Condition
Aortic valve disease disrupts this intricate blood flow process, and can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and potentially heart failure.
Aortic Valve Stenosis
Condition
Aortic valve stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that can stop blood from flowing properly out of the heart.
Aortopulmonary Window
Condition
An aortopulmonary window is a hole between two of the major blood vessels in the heart.
AP-4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (AP-4-HSP)
Condition
AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia (AP-4-HSP) is a group of slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorders.
Learn more about AP-4-Associated Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (AP-4-HSP)
Apert Syndrome
Condition
Apert syndrome, also known as acrocephalosyndactyly, is a genetic disorder that causes fusion of the skull, hands, and feet bones.
Apert Syndrome
Condition
A síndrome de Apert, também chamada de acrocefalossindactilia, é uma doença genética que causa a fusão dos ossos do crânio, das mãos e dos pés.
Aplastic Anemia
Condition
Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces too few cells.
Apnea of Prematurity
Condition
Apnea of prematurity refers to what happens when a child doesn’t breathe for more than 20 seconds.
Appendicitis
Condition
Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix.
Arachnoid Cysts
Condition
Arachnoid cysts are sacs filled with spinal fluid that grow in between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane that covers them.
Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency (AADC Deficiency)
Condition
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare, inherited disorder that affects the nervous system and can cause a variety of neurological symptoms.
Learn more about Aromatic L-Amino Acid Decarboxylase Deficiency (AADC Deficiency)
Arrhythmias in Children
Condition
An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart to pump less effectively.
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Condition
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a condition when heart rhythm disturbances precede the classical changes in the heart muscle seen in cardiomyopathy.
Arterial Dissection
Condition
An arterial dissection is a tear along the inside lining of an artery and can occur in a child's head, neck, or spine.
Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Children
Condition
An arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is an injury to the brain or spinal cord caused by a lack of oxygen to the area affected.
Arteriovenous Fistulas (AVFs)
Condition
Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare abnormalities in which arteries connect directly with veins, bypassing the capillaries. They can occur anywhere in the body.
Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs)
Condition
An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of arteries and veins in the brain that disrupt the normal flow of blood.
Arthrogryposis
Condition
Arthrogryposis is a term used to describe conditions characterized by stiff joints and abnormally developed muscles.
Articular Cartilage Injury
Condition
Articular cartilage injuries can occur as a result of either traumatic mechanical destruction or progressive mechanical degeneration (wear and tear).
Aspiration in Children
Condition
Your child may aspirate when problems with swallowing causes liquids or food to enter your child’s lungs
Asthma in Children
Condition
Asthma is a chronic condition that causes the airways in the lungs to narrow and swell, making it difficult to breath.
Astigmatism
Condition
Astigmatism is a common condition that causes blurry vision.
Astigmatism, Hyperopia, and Myopia
Condition
Astigmatism, hyperopia (farsightedness), and myopia are refractive errors of the eye seen in 20 percent of children.
Astrocytoma
Condition
Astrocytomas are tumors that arise in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.
Atlantoaxial Instability
Condition
Atlantoaxial instability is a condition of too much mobility in the neck that can lead to spinal cord compression.
Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
Condition
An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the heart wall that separates the top two chambers of the heart.
Atrioventricular Canal Defect
Condition
An atrioventricular canal defect, or AV canal, is a combination of several closely associated heart problems that result in a large defect in the center of the heart.
Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (ATRT)
Condition
An atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a very rare, aggressive tumor of the central nervous system.
Audiogram
Treatment
An audiogram is basically a picture of your child's hearing.
Auditory Brainstem Response Evaluation
Treatment
An auditory brainstem response evaluation sees how well sounds travel along your child's hearing nerve pathways from the ear to the brainstem.
Auditory Processing Disorder
Condition
An auditory processing disorder is when children with normal hearing have difficulty detecting and analyzing small differences in voice pitch, loudness, and duration.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Condition
Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects the way your child develops and behaves.
Autoimmune Diseases
Condition
Autoimmune disease is when the immune system mistakenly begins attacking healthy cells and tissues.
Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Condition
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare disorder that occurs when a person’s own red blood cells burst.
Autoimmune Hepatitis
Condition
Autoimmune hepatitis is a condition in which the immune system attacks the liver. Without prompt treatment, the condition and can lead to long-term liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver failure.
Avulsion Fracture
Condition
Avulsion fractures happen when a bone fragment separates from the rest of the bone.
Baclofen Pump
Treatment
A baclofen pump is a machine that is placed under the skin of one side of the abdomen used to deliver baclofen (muscle relaxer) directly into the spinal canal.
Bacterial Endocarditis
Condition
Bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart.
Bacterial Meningitis
Condition
Meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the three thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is the more dangerous form of meningitis.
Barrett's Esophagus
Condition
Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition that results from chronic inflammation.
Barth Syndrome
Condition
Barth syndrome is metabolic disorder that affects the heart, muscles, immune system, and growth. It almost always occurs in boys.
Basilar Invagination
Condition
Basilar invagination is a rare condition in which the top of the spine compresses the brain stem.
Batten Disease
Condition
Batten disease is a very rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system.
Beckwith-Wiedemann Syndrome
Condition
Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause an overgrowth of particular body parts.
Bedwetting (Nocturnal Enuresis)
Condition
Nocturnal enuresis, better known as bedwetting, occurs when a sleeping child cannot hold his or her urine at night.
Bee Stings
Condition
Bee stings often happen during warm weather and around greenery.
Benign Skin Growths
Condition
Benign skin growths are non-cancerous bumps, spots, and lumps on the skin.
Beta-mannosidosis
Condition
Beta-mannosidosis is a very rare genetic condition that affects the way certain types of sugar molecules are processed by the body.
Biliary Atresia
Condition
Biliary atresia occurs when the common bile duct is blocked or damaged, so that it's impossible for bile to flow through it.
Biliary Reconstruction
Treatment
Biliary reconstruction describes surgical procedures to replace portions of your child's biliary system that are missing at birth or damaged due to illness.
Binder Syndrome
Condition
Binder syndrome is a congenital condition that causes an underdeveloped midface and nose.
Biochemical Genetic Testing
Treatment
Biochemical genetic testing involves the study of enzymes in the body that may be abnormal in some way.
Bipolar Disorder
Condition
Bipolar disorder is a chronic (long-lasting), intermittent (comes and goes) mental health condition that affects people of all ages.
Birth Defects and Congenital Anomalies
Condition
A birth defect is a health problem or a physical abnormality.
Birthmarks
Condition
Birthmarks are areas of discolored and/or raised skin that are apparent at birth or shortly thereafter.
Bladder Augmentation
Treatment
Bladder augmentation is a complex reconstructive surgical procedure to increase the size of the organ and to improve its ability to stretch.
Bladder Exstrophy
Condition
Bladder exstrophy is a rare birth defect involving the urinary, reproductive, and intestinal tracts, as well as the musculoskeletal system.
Blended Diet
Treatment
A blended diet is made from table food that is put in a blender, turned into a puree and fed to your child through a feeding tube.
Blepharitis
Condition
Blepharitis is a chronic condition that causes swelling and irritation of the eyelid.
Blocked Tear Duct (Dacryostenosis)
Condition
A blocked tear duct can be a relatively common ailment that affects as many as 6 percent of newborns.
Blood Transfusions
Treatment
A blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or one of its components from one person to another.
Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome (BRBNS)
Condition
Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly in which malformed veins (blebs) appear on the skin and surfaces of internal organs.
Bone Scan
Treatment
A bone scan is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses a radioactive substance to visualize the bones.
Bone Tumors and Bone Cysts
Condition
Bone tumors and bone cysts are types of abnormal growth within a bone. Most are benign (noncancerous).
Bone-Anchored Hearing Systems
Treatment
Bone-anchored hearing systems (BAHS) are devices used to treat ear conditions that interfere with hearing.
Bowlegs
Condition
Bowlegs (genu varum) is a condition in which a child’s legs curve outward at the knees.
Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
Condition
Brachial plexus birth injury is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs during childbirth.
Brain Abscess
Condition
A brain abscess is a brain infection that may cause problems with a child's brain and spinal cord function.
Brain Aneurysms
Condition
A brain aneurysm is a weak point in a blood vessel within the brain.
Brain PET/CT
Treatment
A brain PET/CT scan is a safe, effective, and non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that provides highly detailed images of the brain.
Brain Scan
Treatment
A brain scan is a diagnostic imaging technique that provides images of blood flow in the brain. It can detect changes in blood flow within the brain that cannot be seen with other imaging methods.
Brain Tumors
Condition
Childhood brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), but both types can be life-threatening.
Branchial Cleft Cyst
Condition
Branchial cleft cysts and sinus tracts are a mass of abnormally formed tissues within the head and neck.
BRAVO pH Test
Treatment
The BRAVO pH test measures acidity in the esophagus and helps diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
Breast Disorders
Condition
Breast disorders are changes that can occur in teens.
Broken Ankle
Condition
A broken ankle typically involves one or both of the long bones of the leg, the tibia and the fibula.
Broken Arm
Condition
A broken arm is a crack or break in one or more of the bones in arm. They are often caused by impact injuries.
Broken Elbow
Condition
A broken elbow is a break, at or near the elbow joint, in one or more of the three arm bones that form that joint.
Broken Femur (Thighbone)
Condition
A broken femur is a fracture of the thighbone.
Broken Forearm
Condition
A broken forearm is a break in one (or both) of the bones of the forearm: the radius and/or ulna.
Broken Leg
Condition
A broken leg is a break or crack of one long bones of the leg.
Broken Tibia-Fibula (Shinbone/Calf Bone)
Condition
A broken tibia-fibula is a fracture of one or both of the long bones in the lower leg.
Bronchiolitis
Condition
Bronchiolitis is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that usually affects infants.
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Condition
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a long-term respiratory problem faced by babies born prematurely.
Bronchoscopy
Treatment
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows your doctor to examine your child’s throat, larynx, trachea, and lower airways through a tool called a bronchoscope.
Bruises
Condition
A bruise is a collection of blood underneath the skin that is caused by trauma to an area of the body.
Bullying
Condition
Bullying is any kind of physical or verbal abuse of a child. It can have long-lasting effects on both the victim and the bully.
Bunions
Condition
A bunion is a bump that occurs at the base of the big toe.
Burkitt Lymphoma
Condition
Burkitt lymphoma (aka small noncleaved cell lymphoma) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system.
Bursitis
Condition
Bursitis happens when one or more bursae become irritated and swollen, usually through overuse or injury.
Camptodactyly
Condition
Camptodactyly is a condition in which a bent finger cannot completely straighten.
Canker Sores (Aphthous Stomatitis)
Condition
Canker sores (aphthous stomatitis) is an illness that causes small ulcers to appear in the mouth, usually inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on the tongue.
Capillary Malformation
Condition
A capillary malformation, or port-wine stain, is a kind of birthmark.
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Condition
Carbon monoxide poisoning happens because of excess exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), a poisonous, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is produced from the incomplete burning of fuels that contain carbon.
Carcinoid Tumors
Condition
Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor that can develop in the appendix, gastrointestinal tract, or lungs.
Cardiac Catheterization Procedure
Treatment
Cardiac catheterization is a specialized procedure in which a long, flexible tube — a catheter — is inserted into a vein or artery and guided into the heart.
Cardiac CT
Treatment
A cardiac CT (computed tomography) scan is a test that uses x-rays to create detailed images of your child's heart and blood vessels inside the heart.
Cardiomyopathy in Children
Condition
Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by an abnormally large, thick or stiff heart muscle.
Cardiovascular Genetic Testing
Treatment
Cardiovascular genetic testing helps determine if a change in your child’s DNA explains the features of their heart anatomy or their risk for a cardiac condition seen in your family.
Cardiovascular MRI
Treatment
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves, magnets and a computer to take pictures of your child’s heart.
Carney Triad
Condition
Carney triad is a rare condition that describes the occurrence of three kinds of endocrine tumors in the same patient.
CASGEVY™ Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease and Beta Thalassemia
Treatment
CASGEVY (exagamglogene autotemcel) is a gene editing therapy for those 12 or up with sickle cell disease or beta thalassemia.
Learn more about CASGEVY™ Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease and Beta Thalassemia
Cat Scratch Disease
Condition
Cat scratch disease is caused by a bacterial infection carried in cat saliva. The bacteria are passed from a cat to a human after the cat licks its paws then scratches human skin. Rubbing the eyes after petting a cat's fur can also spread cat scratch disease.
Cataracts
Condition
A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that can cause blurry vision or block vision.
Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Condition
Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited cardiac condition that causes sudden rhythm disturbances in otherwise healthy children.
Learn more about Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia
Cavernous Malformations
Condition
A cavernous malformation is a small mass that is made up of abnormal, thin-walled blood vessels.
Cavities (Tooth Decay)
Condition
Cavities are holes in teeth.
CDKL5 Disorder
Condition
CDKL5 disorder is a rare neurodevelopmental condition that is characterized by early onset epilepsy, low muscle tone, and developmental challenges.
Celiac Disease
Condition
Celiac disease is a lifelong intolerance to gluten.
Cellulitis
Condition
Cellulitis is a deep bacterial infection of the skin that usually occurs after some type of trauma causes an opening in your child's skin.
Central Nervous System (CNS) Vasculitis
Condition
Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is a rare type of inflammation that affects the blood vessels of the brain, spinal cord, or both.
Central Venous Line Insertion
Treatment
A central venous line (CVL) catheter is inserted into a child’s body so doctors can give her fluids, nutrients, or medication over a long period of time.
Cerebral Arteriopathies in Children
Condition
Cerebral arteriopathies are disorders that affect the arteries in the brain and are associated with an increased risk of stroke.
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Condition
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement as a result of damage to the brain of an infant.
Cerebral Venous Thrombosis in Children
Condition
Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but serious condition that is a cause of stroke in children and newborns.
Cervical Teratoma
Condition
A cervical teratoma is a very rare congenital tumor in the neck.
Chalazion
Condition
A chalazion is a persistent inflammation or swelling of the upper or lower eyelid that can also include the middle part of the eyelid.
Chemotherapy
Treatment
Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to stop cancer cells from multiplying in the body.
Chest Wall Deformities
Condition
Chest wall deformities are structural irregularities in which a child’s chest is either sunken or protruding.
Chiari Malformation
Condition
Chiari malformation is an abnormality in the back of the head where the brain and spinal cord meet.
Chickenpox
Condition
Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease characterized by little blisters all over the body.
Childhood Obesity
Condition
Obesity occurs when a child is significantly over the ideal weight for her height.
Choledochal Cysts
Condition
A choledochal cyst is a congenital anomaly of the duct that transports bile from the liver to the gall bladder and small intestine.
Cholestasis
Condition
Cholestasis is a problem with the flow of bile that happens when the bile ducts are blocked or the liver has a problem producing bile.
Cholesteatoma
Condition
Cholesteatoma is the accumulation of skin in an abnormal location, typically behind the eardrum.
Chondroblastoma
Condition
Chondroblastomas occur when chondroblasts grow out of control and cause a benign (non-cancerous) tumor.
Chondromas
Condition
Chondromas are benign (not cancerous) tumors made of cartilage that are found mostly in the small bones of the hand and feet.
Chondrosarcoma
Condition
Chondrosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that typically develops in the cartilage that coats the ends of bones and forms joints.
Chorioangioma
Condition
A chorioangioma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor of the placenta.
Choroid Plexus Brain Tumor
Condition
Choroid plexus brain tumors develop in the tissue located in the spaces of the brain called ventricles.
Chronic Fatigue
Condition
Chronic fatigue syndrome is a serious, long-term illness that affects many body systems.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD)
Condition
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immune system disorder that occurs when a type of white blood cell does not work properly.
Chronic Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction
Condition
Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare bowel disorder.
Chronic Kidney (Renal) Disease
Condition
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to the kidney’s progressive inability to perform its functions, regardless of the cause.
Chronic Lung Disease of Prematurity
Condition
Chronic lung disease of prematurity is a long-term respiratory problem faced by babies born prematurely.
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Condition
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a form of leukemia that develops in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy center of long bones.
Circumcision
Treatment
Circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the skin covering the end of the penis, called the foreskin.
Cirrhosis in Children
Condition
Cirrhosis is a progressive liver disease.
Clavicle Fracture
Condition
A clavicle fracture is a break in the bone that connects the breastbone to the shoulder blade.
Cleft Foot
Condition
Cleft foot occurs when the foot didn’t develop properly during fetal development.
Cleft Hand
Condition
Cleft hand is a rare hand condition in which the center portion of a child’s hand is underdeveloped.
Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
Condition
Cleft lip is a visible separation in the skin of the top lip. Cleft palate is incomplete development of the soft and/or hard palate.
Clinodactyly
Condition
Clinodactyly means that your child has an abnormally bent or curved finger.
Cloacal Anomalies
Condition
A cloacal anomaly is an anorectal malformation that occurs while a female fetus is developing in its mother's womb.
Cloacal Exstrophy
Condition
Cloacal exstrophy, also known as OEIS syndrome, occurs when a portion of the large intestine lies outside of the body.
CLOVES Syndrome
Condition
CLOVES syndrome is a rare congenital disorder characterized by vascular anomalies and other problems.
Clubfoot
Condition
Clubfoot is a congenital foot deformity in which the foot turns down and inward.
CO2 Laser Treatment
Treatment
CO2 laser treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic approach to treat specific skin changes associated with a type of vascular anomaly called lymphatic malformations.
Coarctation of the Aorta
Condition
Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that delivers oxygen-rich (red) blood to the body.
Cochlear Implants
Treatment
Cochlear implants are an increasingly common option for managing hearing loss.
Cold
Condition
A cold is caused by a virus. More than 200 types of viruses can cause a cold.
Colic
Condition
Colic is when a child is healthy but cries or is fussy for long periods of time with no apparent reason.
Colonic Manometry
Treatment
Colonic manometry tests and measures pressure to assess the strength of the colon’s movements, specifically how the large intestine contracts.
Combined Rhizotomy
Treatment
Combined rhizotomy is a minimally invasive spinal operation that can permanently reduce leg tightness (tone) from spasticity and dystonia.
Complete Tracheal Rings
Condition
Complete tracheal rings are a birth defect in the cartilage that supports a child’s airway.
Complex Biventricular Repair
Treatment
Complex biventricular repair is an option for children with single ventricle heart defects to achieve two-ventricle circulation.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Children
Condition
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition associated with persistent pain in one or more limbs.
Concussions
Condition
A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a rapid acceleration of the brain.
Conditioned Play Audiometry
Treatment
A conditioned play audiometry test measures your child's ability to discriminate between different sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguish speech from background noise.
Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia
Condition
Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by a severely low number of megakaryocytes.
Learn more about Congenital Amegakaryocytic Thrombocytopenia
Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation
Condition
A congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a benign (non-cancerous) mass of abnormal lung tissue usually located on one lobe (section) of the lung.
Congenital Cytomegalovirus
Condition
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections. It is incurable and is a lifetime infection.
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH)
Condition
A congenital diaphragmatic hernia is when there’s a hole in the diaphragm — a thin layer of muscle and tissue that separates the chest and abdominal cavity.
Congenital Dyserythropoietic Anemia
Condition
Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) is a group of rare, inherited, conditions characterized by ineffective red blood cell production.
Congenital Heart Defects
Condition
A congenital heart defect is a structural problem of the heart that develops during pregnancy.
Congenital Herpes Simplex
Condition
Congenital herpes simplex is an infection caused by exposure in the uterus.
Congenital High Airway Obstruction (CHAOS)
Condition
Congenital high airway obstruction (CHAOS) is a complete or nearly complete obstruction of the fetal airway.
Congenital HIV
Condition
Congenital HIV is HIV that is transferred from the birth mother to the child.
Congenital Limb Differences
Condition
Congenital limb differences occur when a baby’s arm or leg does not form properly during pregnancy.
Congenital Nevi (Moles) in Children
Condition
Learn about congenital nevi in children from Boston Children’s Hospital. Find out about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for your child.
Congenital Outer Ear Anomaly
Condition
A congenital outer ear anomaly is a malformation of the outer ear.
Congenital Rubella
Condition
Congenital rubella syndrome (measles) is a virus that can cause birth defects if a mother passes it to her fetus.
Congenital Scoliosis
Condition
Congenital scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that babies are born with.
Congenital Sideroblastic Anemia
Condition
Congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA) is a group of rare inherited disorders that decrease the number of red blood cells.
Congenital Toxoplasmosis
Condition
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the parasite toxoplasma gondii and is usually acquired by the parasite getting into the body by the mouth (for instance, by eating undercooked meat).
Congenital Varicella
Condition
Congenital varicella syndrome is a very rare disorder that’s caused by an expectant mother acquiring the virus that causes chickenpox. It can lead to a number of birth defects.
Conjunctivitis
Condition
Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.
Constipation
Condition
Constipation is when a child has infrequent bowel movement or bowel movements that are difficult to pass.
Constricted Ear
Condition
Constricted ear — also known as cup ear or lop ear — is a malformation of the helix, or outer rim, of the ear.
Contrast Enema
Treatment
A contrast enema is an x-ray study that uses a water-soluble contrast agent to show the structure of the rectum, colon, and large intestine.
Conversion of G to GJ Tube and GJ Tube Exchange
Treatment
Gastrojejunal (GJ) tube placement is a minimally invasive, image-guided technique in which a special soft feeding catheter is placed through an existing hole in the stomach (gastrostomy) into the small bowel (jejunum).
Learn more about Conversion of G to GJ Tube and GJ Tube Exchange
Corneal Abrasions
Condition
A corneal abrasion is a scratch or injury to the cornea, which is the dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. This is a very common occurrence in children.
Corneal Cross Linking
Treatment
Corneal cross linking is a procedure to halt the progression of vision problems caused by a thinning cornea.
Cornelia de Lange Syndrome
Condition
Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic condition that affects development and growth.
Coronary Artery Fistula
Condition
A coronary artery fistula is an abnormal connection between blood vessels in the heart.
COVID-19 (Coronavirus) in Children & Teens
Condition
COVID-19 affects children and families in many different ways.
Cortical Visual Impairment
Condition
Cortical visual impairment is diagnosed when children show abnormal visual responses that aren’t caused by the eyes themselves.
Cough
Condition
Coughs are one of the most frequent symptoms of childhood illness and they usually are not a symptom of anything dangerous.
Craniofacial Anomalies
Condition
Craniofacial anomalies are deformities that affect a child’s head and facial bones.
Craniopharyngioma
Condition
Craniopharyngioma is a childhood brain tumor.
Craniosynostosis
Condition
Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the fibrous connections grow together (fuse) too early.
Cricopharyngeal Dysfunction
Condition
Cricopharyngeal dysfunction occurs when the muscle at the top of the esophagus doesn't relax or it relaxes in an uncoordinated manner.
Crohn's Disease in Children
Condition
Crohn’s disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease in which parts of a child’s intestinal tract become inflamed.
Croup
Condition
Croup is a disease caused by a virus that leads to swelling in the airways and problems breathing.
Crouzon Syndrome
Condition
Crouzon syndrome is a complex genetic birth disorder that may affect a child’s face, skull, and teeth.
Cryoablation for Fibro-Adipose Vascular Anomaly
Treatment
Cryoablation, sometimes called cryotherapy, is a minimally invasive procedure that uses extreme cold to destroy tissue that is painful, diseased or both.
Learn more about Cryoablation for Fibro-Adipose Vascular Anomaly
Computed Tomography (CT or CAT) Scan
Treatment
CT (computed tomography) is a non-invasive procedure that uses X-ray equipment and powerful computers to create detailed, cross-sectional images of your child's body.
Cushing's Syndrome
Condition
Cushing’s syndrome is the overproduction of corticosteroids.
Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congeita (CMTC)
Condition
Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita (CMTC) is a rare kind of birthmark that usually fades considerably before a child turns 1.
Learn more about Cutis Marmorata Telangiectatica Congeita (CMTC)
Cyanosis
Condition
Cyanosis is a bluish color in the skin, lips, and nail beds caused by too little oxygen in the blood.
Cyclic Neutropenia
Condition
Cyclic neutropenia is a rare blood disorder that occurs when the body commonly has fewer white blood cells than normal.
Cystic Fibrosis
Condition
Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease, involves multiple parts of the body, including the lungs and digestive system.
Cystic Lung Disease
Condition
Cystic lung disease is a term used to describe four distinct conditions that may share a degree of common origin during fetal development.
Cytomegalovirus
Condition
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections.
Danon Disease
Condition
Danon disease is a rare inherited disorder that affects many organ systems.
Daytime Wetting (Enuresis)
Condition
Enuresis is the medical term for involuntary urination, or “wetting.”
Deep Brain Stimulation
Treatment
Deep brain stimulation therapy uses a small device similar to a pacemaker to send mild electrical pulses to the parts of the brain that are responsible for the involuntary movements.
Delayed Puberty/Delayed Sexual Development
Condition
Delayed puberty is the lack of increase in testicle size (boys) or lack of breast development (girls).
Delayed Sleep-Wake Phase Disorder
Condition
Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder is a circadian rhythm disorder that occurs when a child's natural sleep and wake schedule is shifted later.
Dental Sealants
Treatment
Dental sealants are thin, plastic films painted on the surfaces of the back teeth, on molars, and premolars.
Dentoalveolar Infections
Condition
A dentoalveolar infection is an infection in or around your child’s tooth/teeth.
Depression
Condition
Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by a sad mood that is both prolonged and severe.
Desmoid Tumor
Condition
Desmoid tumors are thought to develop from the fibrous tissue that forms tendons and ligaments.
Developmental Disabilities
Condition
Developmental delays refer to when developmental skills are at a lower level than expected for a child’s age, such as language, motor, cognition, or play.
Deviated Septum
Condition
A deviated septum occurs where there's an abnormal shape to the wall that divides your child's two nostrils.
DGAT-1 Deficiency
Condition
DGAT-1 deficiency is a rare genetic disease that causes diarrhea, inability to absorb nutrients, and poor growth.
Diabetes Insipidus
Condition
Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder that interferes with the ability to regulate the amount of water in the body.
Diagnostic Procedures for Allergies
Treatment
Diagnostic procedures for allergies are used to determine which allergies your child may have.
Diamond-Blackfan Anemia
Condition
Diamond Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic blood disorder that occurs when the bone marrow fails to make red blood cells.
Diaper Rash
Condition
A diaper rash occurs in the area where a baby wears a diaper.
Diarrhea
Condition
Diarrhea is defined as watery stool, increased frequency of bowel movement or both.
Diffuse Midline Glioma (DMG)
Condition
A diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is an aggressive type of brain tumor.
Esophageal Dilation
Treatment
Dilation is a procedure that stretches the tissues in and around the esophagus to help children swallow normally.
Diphtheria
Condition
Diphtheria is a bacterial disease that can infect the throat (respiratory diphtheria) or the skin (skin or cutaneous diphtheria).
Dislocated Kneecap
Condition
A dislocated knee, also known as a dislocated patella, occurs when the kneecap pops out from its normal position.
Dislocations
Condition
A dislocation happens when extreme force is put on a ligament and the ends of two connected bones separate.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Condition
Disruptive behavior disorders are a group of behavioral problems.
DMSA Renal Kidney Scan
Treatment
A DMSA renal scan is a nuclear medicine test that shows pictures of the kidneys and how they are working.
Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)
Condition
A dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a low-grade, slow-growing brain tumor.
Learn more about Dysembryoplastic Neuroepithelial Tumor (DNET)
Double Outlet Right Ventricle (DORV)
Condition
Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a type of rare congenital heart condition.
Down Syndrome
Condition
Down syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by developmental delays and learning disability.
Duane Syndrome
Condition
Duane syndrome is a rare form of strabismus, or misalignment of the eye.
Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Condition
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and most severe type of muscular dystrophy.
Duplex Collecting System
Condition
A child has a duplex collecting system when a kidney has two ureters rather than one.
Dust Mite Allergies
Condition
Dust mites are tiny organisms that feed on the shed scales of human skin. Their waste products may provoke allergic reactions.
Dyskeratosis Congenita
Condition
Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition that can often cause bone marrow failure.
Dysmenorrhea
Condition
Dysmenorrhea is the pain associated with menstrual cramping.
Dysphagia in Children
Condition
Dysphagia is a term that means “difficulty swallowing.” It is the inability of food or liquids to pass easily from your child’s mouth, into the throat, and through the esophagus to the stomach during the process of swallowing.
Dysthymia
Condition
Dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder, is a form of chronic depression.
Ear Infection (Otitis Media)
Condition
An ear infection. also called an otitis media, is inflammation in the middle ear space.
Ear Molding
Treatment
Ear molding is a non-invasive procedure that helps correct deformities or other differences to the outer rim of cartilage (helix) of one or both of their ears.
Ear Tubes
Treatment
Ear tubes are small tubes that are surgically placed into your child's eardrum to help drain the fluid out of the middle ear.
Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE)
Condition
Eastern equine encephalitis is a virus that’s spread by the bites of blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitos and ticks.
Eating Disorders
Condition
Eating disorders are patterns of unhealthy behaviors related to your child’s eating habits.
Ebstein's Anomaly
Condition
Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve.
Echocardiogram in Children
Treatment
An echocardiogram uses sound waves to see the heart's structures.
Ectopia Cordis
Condition
Ectopia cordis happens when some or all of a baby’s heart doesn’t have the typical coverage of the breastbone.
Eczema
Condition
Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is an inflammatory, allergic, non-contagious skin disorder that causes itchy, scaly, flaky skin.
Edema
Condition
Edema refers to swelling in the body’s tissues caused by a buildup of fluid.
Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN)
Treatment
Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) is a formula-based diet designed to treat children with inflammatory bowel disease.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Condition
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of disorders that affect a person's connective tissue.
Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Treatment
An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a painless test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.
Electroencephalograms
Treatment
An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a neurophysiologic technique primarily used in the evaluation of epilepsy.
Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Velocity
Treatment
Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) are specific tests that help your child’s doctor see how his nerves and muscles are working.
Learn more about Electromyography and Nerve Conduction Velocity
Elevidys
Treatment
Elevidys® (delandistrogene moxeparvovec-rokl) is a gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy in boys aged 4 and 5.
Embolization
Treatment
Embolization is a minimally invasive, image guided treatment that involves injecting a special material or a device into a blood vessel in order to block or close it.
Encephalitis
Condition
Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, which is often caused by an infection or an autoimmune response.
Encephaloceles
Condition
An encephalocele is a rare birth defect in which the tissue covering the brain, and a portion of the brain itself, protrude through openings in the skull.
Enchondroma
Condition
An enchondroma is a non-cancerous cartilage tumor that can occur in the arms and legs.
Encopresis
Condition
Encopresis is a problem that won’t go away on its own, but is relatively easy to treat.
EndoFLIP
Treatment
EndoFLIP is a newer minimally invasive type of technology that can be used during endoscopy.
Endometriosis
Condition
Endometriosis is when the tissue that normally lines a female's uterus grows in other places.
Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Treatment
In endoscopic sinus surgery, microsurgical instruments open and go into the sinus cavities and clean the sinuses out.
Endoscopic Strip Craniectomy
Treatment
Endoscopic strip craniectomy is a minimally invasive procedure to treat craniosynostosis.
Endoscopy
Treatment
An endoscopy is a procedure that is used to evaluate a patient’s digestive tract.
Endovenous Laser Ablation
Treatment
Endovenous laser ablation is a minimally invasive technique used for treating some types of vascular malformations.
Enlarged Tonsils and Adenoid
Condition
Enlarged tonsils and adenoids happen when tissues in the mouth are infected.
Eosinophilic Esophagitis in Children
Condition
Eosinophilic esophagitis is an allergic condition that causes inflammation and damage to the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Ependymoma
Condition
An ependymoma is a tumor that arises from cells that are found lining the ventricular system (areas of the brain or spinal cord where spinal fluid is found).
Epiglottitis
Condition
Epiglottitis is a life-threatening bacterial infection that occurs when the epiglottis swells, obstructing the flow of air into the lungs.
Epilepsy in Children
Condition
Epilepsy is a complex condition that makes a child susceptible to seizures.
Epispadias
Condition
Epispadias occurs when the urethra (the tube through which a child urinates) fails to close normally.
Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma (EHE)
Condition
Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor or anomaly that arises from the cells lining the blood vessels.
ERCP Test
Treatment
An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a non-invasive procedure that allows doctors to treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct.
Esophageal Achalasia
Condition
Esophageal achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that makes swallowing difficult.
Esophageal Atresia
Condition
Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare birth defect in which a baby is born without part of the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach).
Esophageal Impedance
Treatment
Esophageal impedance is a diagnostic test that measures the amount and type of gastroesophageal reflux in the esophagus.
Esophageal Injury and Trauma
Condition
Esophageal injury and trauma can lead to esophageal strictures and other problems.
Esophageal Manometry
Treatment
Esophageal manometry is a procedure in which a small flexible tube is placed into the nose and passed into the esophagus.
Esophageal Strictures
Condition
An esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.
Esophagitis
Condition
Esophagitis is inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.
ETV/CPC Procedure
Treatment
The combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and choroid plexus cauterization procedure (CPC) procedure addresses hydrocephalus in infants.
Evans Syndrome
Condition
Evans Syndrome is a common blood disorder that occurs when the body has fewer red blood cells than normal.
Evoked Potentials
Treatment
Evoked potentials (EPs) measure electrical activity produced by external stimuli, like light flashes or sound clicks.
Ewing Sarcoma
Condition
Ewing sarcoma is a kind of cancer that grows in bones or soft tissues.
Excessive Hair Growth (Hirsutism)
Condition
Hirsutism is when women experience excessive hair growth on parts of the body where men usually grow hair.
Exercise Stress Testing
Treatment
Exercise stress testing is used by doctors to see how your child’s heart reacts to stress or exercise.
Eye Injuries
Condition
Eye injuries can be serious and are usually quite painful. They are a common cause of vision loss in children.
Eye Socket Fracture
Condition
An eye socket, or orbital, fracture occurs when one or more bones surrounding the eye are broken.
Fabry Disease
Condition
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder that is progressive in nature and affects many of the body’s systems.
Facial Cuts and Wounds
Condition
Facial cuts and wounds can occur by a child while playing, climbing, or during sports activities.
Facial Fractures
Condition
Facial fractures are broken bones in the face.
Facial Nerve Paralysis
Condition
Facial nerve paralysis happens when a child cannot move muscles that control smiling and blinking, among other facial movements.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis
Condition
Familial adenomatous polyposis is a rare genetic condition associated with the growth of dozens to hundreds of polyps in the GI tract.
Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM)
Condition
Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is when a genetic form of dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in multiple members of a family.
Familial Isolated Congenital Heart Disease
Condition
Familial isolated congenital heart disease is a congenital heart condition that is both familial and isolated.
Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection (FTAAD)
Condition
Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (FTAAD) is a condition that affects the aorta.
Learn more about Familial Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection (FTAAD)
Fanconi Anemia
Condition
Fanconi anemia is a severe lifelong condition that requires ongoing medical treatment. Boston Children's Hospital can help.
Fatty Liver Disease
Condition
Fatty liver disease is the buildup of fat in the liver that can lead to inflammation and cell damage.
Fecal Incontinence
Condition
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements.
Female Athletes and Menstruation
Condition
Research shows that athletic performance stays about the same during menstruation.
Femoral Anteversion
Condition
Femoral anteversion is an inward twisting of the thigh bone (femur).
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Condition
Fetal alcohol syndrome is a group of abnormalities that occur in babies born to mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy.
Fetal Anemia
Condition
Fetal anemia is when a fetus doesn’t have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin.
Fetal Cardiac Intervention
Treatment
A fetal cardiac intervention (FCI) is a needle- and catheter-based procedure guided by an ultrasound image that can help improve some life-threatening heart problems in a fetus.
Fetal Echocardiography
Treatment
Fetal echocardiography is an ultrasound test performed on a pregnant woman to evaluate the heart of her unborn baby.
Fetal Genetic Testing
Treatment
Fetal genetic testing offers valuable insights into potential health conditions, allowing for early intervention and care.
Fetal Infections
Condition
Fetal infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or other germs.
Fetal Lung Lesions
Condition
A fetal lung lesion is a mass or lump in the chest of a fetus.
Fetal Pleural Effusion
Condition
Fetal pleural effusion is the buildup of fluid in a fetus' chest, which can press on the lungs, heart, and main blood vessels.
Fetal Surgery
Treatment
Fetal surgery is the surgical treatment of a fetus with certain life-threatening congenital abnormalities.
Fever
Condition
Your child has a fever if their temperature is 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.
Fever in a Newborn
Condition
Fever in a newborn happens because a newborn’s temperature regulation system is immature.
Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
Treatment
Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is an important evaluation of your child’s ability to eat and swallow.
Learn more about Fiberoptic Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing (FEES)
Fibro Adipose Vascular Anomaly (FAVA)
Condition
Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) is a rare, but painful, vascular anomaly in which a significant portion of a muscle in one of a child's limbs is taken over by tough, fibrous, fatty tissue.
Fibrosarcoma
Condition
A fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that originates in the connective fibrous tissue found at the ends of bones of the arm or legs, and then spreads to other surrounding soft tissues.
Fibrous Dysplasia
Condition
Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental abnormality that results in abnormal growth, pain, and deformity of the affected bones.
Fifth Disease
Condition
Fifth disease is a viral illness that causes cold-like symptoms and a skin rash.
First-Degree Burn
Condition
A first-degree burn, or a superficial burn, only affects the epidermis, or outer layer of skin.
Flexible Flatfoot
Condition
Flexible flatfoot is a common childhood condition in which a child has very little or no arch in their feet.
Flu (Influenza)
Condition
Seasonal flu is a common viral infection affecting children and adults every year.
Fluid Aspiration and Drainage
Treatment
Fluid aspiration and drainage is a minimally invasive procedure to remove fluid from a child that has collected abnormally.
Fecal Microbiota Transplant (FMT)
Treatment
A fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is a procedure that delivers healthy human donor stool to a child via colonoscopy, enema, nasogastric (NG) tube, or in capsule form.
Foker Process
Treatment
The Foker process is an innovative procedure that is used to treat some forms of esophageal atresia.
Folliculitis, Boils, and Carbuncles
Condition
Folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles involve inflammation and irritation of various areas of the skin.
Food Allergy
Condition
A food allergy is the body’s abnormal response to a certain food.
Fractures
Condition
A fracture is a break in the bone that occurs when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can withstand.
Fragile X Syndrome
Condition
Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that can cause a range of learning and developmental problems.
Frostbite and Frostnip
Condition
Frostbite is damage to the skin from freezing. Frostnip is less severe and can usually be treated at home.
Fucosidosis
Condition
Fucosidosis is a rare genetic condition characterized by an inability to properly break down certain sugars attached to specific proteins and fats in the body’s cells.
Functional Abdominal Pain in Children
Condition
Functional abdominal pain is persistent stomach pain that does not resolve with usual treatment.
Galactorrhea
Condition
Galactorrhea is a milky discharge from the nipple of the breast in someone who is not nursing a baby.
Galactosemia
Condition
Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder in which babies are born without the ability to convert milk sugars into glucose.
Gallstones (Cholelithiasis)
Condition
Gallstones are solid deposits of digestive fluid in the gallbladder.
Ganglioglioma
Condition
A ganglioglioma is low-grade tumor of mixed cell type.
Gastric Emptying Study
Treatment
A gastric emptying study is a nuclear medicine test that measures the time it takes the stomach to empty.
Gastrointestinal Bleeding Scan
Treatment
A GI bleeding scan is a nuclear medicine imaging test that can help detect the origin of your child's gastrointestinal bleeding.
Gastroparesis in Children
Condition
Gastroparesis is a condition in which the stomach muscles do not work properly.
Gastroschisis
Condition
Gastroschisis is an opening in the abdominal wall that appears during fetal development.
Gene Therapy
Treatment
Gene therapy is a technique used in an effort to treat or prevent disease.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Condition
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events.
Generalized Lymphatic Anomaly
Condition
Generalized lymphatic anomaly, or lymphangiomatosis, is a rare condition involving the abnormal overgrowth of lymphatic vessels in the lungs, pleura, bones, and soft tissue.
Genetic Disorders
Condition
Genetic disorders include certain types of birth defects, chronic diseases, developmental problems, and sensory deficits that are inherited from one or both parents.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
Condition
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children is a chronic digestive disorder.
Germ Cell Tumors of the Brain
Condition
Germ cell tumors of the brain develop from germ cells — the cells that later become sperm in the testicles or eggs in the ovaries.
Germ Cell Tumors
Condition
Germ cell tumors are masses of tissue formed by immature cells that normally would have developed into mature eggs or sperm.
Germinoma
Condition
A germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor that is most often found in the brain.
Gestational Assessment
Treatment
A gestational assessment is often used to evaluate your baby's appearance, skin texture, motor function, and reflexes.
Giant Cell Tumor
Condition
A giant cell tumor is a benign solitary tumor that usually grows in the ends of long bones, and contains unusually large cells.
Glaucoma
Condition
Glaucoma is a condition in which the normal fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises. The fluid collects and eventually causes loss of vision.
Glioblastoma Multiforme
Condition
Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) are high-grade gliomas that arise from the brain’s supportive tissue (glial cells).
Glioma
Condition
A glioma is a kind of brain tumor that originates from glial cells, which support and nourish neurons in the brain.
Gliomatosis Cerebri
Condition
Gliomatosis cerebri is a highly aggressive, rare form of malignant astrocytic tumor.
Glomerular Filtration Rate Test (GFR)
Treatment
A glomerular filtration rate test (GFR) is a nuclear medicine test that measures the function of the kidneys.
Glomerulonephritis
Condition
Glomerulonephritis is kidney disease where small structures in the kidneys become inflamed and impair the kidney's ability to filter urine.
Glomuvenous Malformation
Condition
A glomuvenous malformation (GVM) is a type of vascular malformation formed by an abnormal growth of blood vessels and the presence of glomus cells in the wall of the malformation.
Glucose Galactose Malabsorption (GGM)
Condition
Glucose galactose malabsorption is when a child’s body cannot absorb the simple sugars glucose and galactose.
Glycogen Storage Disease
Condition
Glycogen storage disease interferes with the liver’s ability to convert glycogen into energy.
GM1 Gangliosidosis
Condition
GM1 gangliosidosis, also called beta-galactosidase-1 deficiency, is a genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
GM2 Gangliosidosis
Condition
GM2 gangliosidosis is a rare genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
Gorham-Stout Disease
Condition
Children with Gorham-Stout disease experience gradual bone loss (osteolysis) caused by an abnormal overgrowth of lymphatic vessels.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
Condition
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterium that can be found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area of adults.
Growth Hormone Deficiency
Condition
Growth hormone deficiency results when the pituitary gland doesn't produce enough growth hormone to stimulate the body to grow.
Growth Plate Fractures
Condition
A growth plate fracture is a fracture that intersects the area of soft cartilage where bone growth takes place.
Growth Problems
Condition
“Growth problems” is a broad phrase used to describe various causes and effects of conditions relating to your child’s insufficient growth.
Guillain-Barré Syndrome
Condition
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system.
Gymnast's Wrist
Condition
Gymnast’s wrist is an overuse injury caused by the repeated compression and loading of wrists.
Gynecomastia
Condition
Gynecomastia is a condition in which above-average amounts of breast tissue form in males.
Haemophilus Influenzae Infections
Condition
Haemophilus influenzae, or H. influenzae, is a group of bacteria that cause different types of infections.
Halo-Gravity Traction
Treatment
Halo-gravity traction is a method of gently stretching and straightening a compressed or severely curved spine.
Hamartoma
Condition
A hamartoma is an abnormal growth that's made up of the same tissue from which it grows.
Hand-Foot-Mouth Disease
Condition
Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral illness that affects infants and children and often appears as a rash of small, blister-like bumps in the hands, feet, and mouth.
Hashimoto Thyroiditis
Condition
Hashimoto thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis) is when the immune system attacks and causes inflammation in the thyroid gland.
Head or Brain Injury
Condition
Head injury is a broad term that describes many different types of conditions — ranging from bumps and bruises to concussions, skull fractures, and serious brain injuries.
Headaches
Condition
Secondary headaches are caused by another medical condition. Primary headaches are most often migraine and tension-type headaches.
Hearing Aids
Treatment
Hearing aids are electronic or battery-operated devices that can amplify and change sound.
Hearing Loss
Condition
Hearing loss is a problem with one or both or ears that reduces a child’s ability to detect sound.
Hearing Tests
Treatment
Hearing tests evaluate your child’s response to sounds to determine if they have hearing loss.
Heart Failure
Condition
Heart failure in children occurs when a child’s heart is not working as well as it should.
Heart Murmur
Condition
A heart murmur is a sound made by blood moving through the heart's chambers or valves.
Heart Transplant
Treatment
A heart transplant is an operation that replaces a failing heart with a healthy heart from a deceased donor.
Heart Tumor
Condition
A heart tumor, also known as a cardiac tumor, is a rare, abnormal growth that develops in the heart.
Heart's Electrical System
Condition
The heart’s electrical system provides the energy to help your child's heart pump blood.
Heat Cramps, Exhaustion, and Stroke
Condition
Heat-related illnesses happen when a person is exposed to abnormal or prolonged amounts of heat and humidity without relief or adequate fluids.
Helicobacter Pylori
Condition
Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, is a spiral-shaped bacterium found in the stomach.
Hemangiopericytoma
Condition
Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor that grows in the body’s soft tissue, which includes fat, muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and other fibrous tissue.
Hemifacial Microsomia
Condition
Hemifacial microsomia is a condition in which half of one side of the face is underdeveloped and doesn't grow normally.
Hemihyperplasia
Condition
Hemihyperplasia is a rare condition that causes uneven growth of one part or side of the body.
Hemitruncus
Condition
Hemitruncus is when one pulmonary artery branch arises from the ascending aorta just above the aortic sinuses, whereas the main pulmonary artery and the other pulmonary branch arise in their normal position.
Hemolytic Anemia
Condition
Hemolytic anemia is a sub-type of anemia, a common blood disorder that occurs when the body has fewer red blood cells than normal.
Hemolytic Disease
Condition
Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Condition
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that can lead to kidney failure in children.
Hemophilia
Condition
Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder that slows the body’s ability for form blood clots.
Hemorrhagic Disease of the Newborn
Condition
Hemorrhagic disease is a bleeding problem that occurs in a baby during the first few days of life.
Hemorrhagic Stroke
Condition
A hemorrhagic stroke is the result of bleeding in the brain.
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura (HSP)
Condition
Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a form of vasculitis, a condition that involves inflammation of the blood vessels.
Hepatitis B
Condition
Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Hepatitis C
Condition
Hepatitis C is an infection that can be mild or can lead to long-term liver disease.
Hepatobiliary Scan
Treatment
A hepatobiliary scan images the liver and shows the flow of bile from the liver through the hepatic ducts emptying in the small bowel.
Hepatoblastoma
Condition
Hepatoblastoma is a type of liver cancer in children.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Condition
Hepatocellular carcinoma, also called liver carcinoma, is a rare, aggressive type of liver cancer.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia
Condition
Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a group of over 80 different genetic conditions that present with progressive spasticity (muscle tightness) and weakness.
Herpangina
Condition
Herpangina is characterized by small blister-like bumps or ulcers that appear in the mouth, usually in the back of throat or the roof of the mouth.
Herpes Simplex Encephalitis in Children
Condition
Herpes simplex encephalitis is a form of brain inflammation that occurs in response to infection with herpes simplex.
Herpes Zoster (Shingles)
Condition
Herpes zoster (shingles) is a viral infection of the nerves that results in a painful rash of small blisters on a strip of skin anywhere on the body.
Heterotaxy
Condition
Heterotaxy is a rare condition where many organs in the body can be formed abnormally, in the wrong position, or even missing.
Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT)
Condition
Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a blood vessel disorder that can cause internal bleeding.
Learn more about Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT)
Pediatric High-grade Glioma
Condition
A pediatric glioma is a kind of brain tumor that starts in glial stem cells.
Hip Dysplasia
Condition
Hip dysplasia occurs when the hip joint has not developed properly and the socket (acetabulum) is too shallow.
Hip Fracture
Condition
A hip fracture is a partial or complete break in any of the three bones of the pelvis that make up the hip.
Hip Impingement
Condition
Hip impingement is a common cause of hip pain caused by abnormal bone development in the hip joint.
Hip Labral Tear
Condition
A hip labral tear is a tear in the rubbery tissue that normally cushions and supports the edge of the hip joint.
Hip Pain
Condition
Hip pain in teens and young adults is often a sign of an underlying problem.
Hip Ultrasound
Treatment
A hip ultrasound is used to take pictures of the hips of patients to look for a dislocated or underdeveloped hip.
Hirschsprung's Disease
Condition
Hirschsprung's disease occurs when intestinal nerve cells don’t develop properly.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Condition
Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that causes cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce.
Holter and Event Monitors
Treatment
A holter monitor is a device that performs a prolonged ECG testing. An event monitor is similar and is used to test for symptoms that occur less frequently.
Home Hydration
Treatment
Home Hydration lets patients sleep in their own beds, eat home cooked meals, and spend more time with friends and family.
Home Wound Care
Treatment
Learn how to provide wound care for your child at home.
Horseshoe Kidney
Condition
Horseshoe kidney is a condition in which the kidneys are fused together at the lower end or base.
Human Parainfluenza Viruses (HPIV)
Condition
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are a group of viruses that cause different types of respiratory infections.
Hydration
Treatment
Hydration relates to the amount of fluids the body loses vs. the amount of fluids it takes in.
Hydrocele
Condition
A hydrocele is fluid around the testicles that presents as painless scrotal swelling.
Hydrocephalus
Condition
Hydrocephalus is extra fluid in or around the brain.
Hydronephrosis
Condition
Hydronephrosis isn’t a specific diagnosis. Instead, it’s a finding that shows that urine is overfilling the kidney.
Hydrops Fetalis
Condition
Hydrops fetalis — or hydrops — is when large amounts of fluid build up in a baby’s tissues and organs, causing extensive swelling.
Hyperacusis
Condition
Hyperacusis is when a child has difficulty tolerating sounds at a volume or pitch that would not typically be bothersome to others.
Hyperbilirubinemia and Jaundice
Condition
Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in your baby’s blood. Because bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of your baby’s skin and tissues, called jaundice.
Hyperparathyroidism
Condition
Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone.
Hypertension
Condition
Hypertension (high blood pressure) refers to how hard the blood is pushing against the walls of the artery through which it flows — not how quickly it flows.
Hyperthyroidism
Condition
Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disorder that increases metabolism and can affect many cells throughout the body.
Blood in the Eye (Hyphema)
Condition
Hyphema refers to blood collecting in the anterior chamber of the eye, the front section of the eye's interior.
Hypocalcemia
Condition
Hypocalcemia is a condition in which there is too little calcium in a baby's blood.
Hypoglycemia and Low Blood Sugar
Condition
Hypoglycemia is the state of having a blood glucose level that is too low to effectively fuel the body's cells.
Hypopituitarism
Condition
Hypopituitarism occurs when the anterior (front) lobe of the pituitary gland loses its ability to make hormones.
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome (HLHS)
Condition
Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a spectrum of heart diseases in which the left-heart structures are underdeveloped.
Hypospadias
Condition
In hypospadias, the opening of a boy’s urethra is located under the penis rather than at the tip.
Hypothyroidism
Condition
Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive.
Hypoxic-ischemic Encephalopathy (HIE)
Condition
Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs when an infant’s brain experiences a lack of oxygen and blood flow.
IB-STIM
Treatment
IB-STIM is a small electrical device worn behind the ear that helps reduce abdominal pain in children who have pain related to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Condition
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic condition that includes abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation or both that persist for two months or longer.
Idiopathic Scoliosis
Condition
Idiopathic scoliosis is one of three different types of scoliosis that causes a lateral curvature of the spine.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Condition
Iliotibial band syndrome is a common cause of knee and hip pain.
Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP)
Condition
Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder where your child's body attacks its own platelets and destroys them too quickly.
Imperforate Hymen
Condition
In an imperforate hymen, a membrane extends all the way across the area of the hymen, blocking the vaginal opening.
Impetigo
Condition
Impetigo is a superficial infection of the skin caused by bacteria, resulting in lesions that are often grouped and have a red base.
Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
Condition
Infant respiratory distress syndrome, or hyaline membrane disease, causes babies to need extra oxygen and help breathing.
Learn more about Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome (Hyaline Membrane Disease)
Infantile Scoliosis
Condition
Infantile scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curve of the spine that affects infants and toddlers.
Infantile Spasms
Condition
Infantile spasms, sometimes called West syndrome, are a type of seizure that occurs in babies.
Infectious Mononucleosis
Condition
Infectious mononucleosis, more commonly known as "mono,” is a viral illness that can cause flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and swollen lymph glands.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Condition
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition in which parts of the intestinal tract become inflamed.
Inguinal Hernia
Condition
An inguinal hernia is a hernia that occurs in the groin area.
Inherited Retinal Disorders
Condition
An inherited retinal disorder (IRD) alters the structure and function of the retina and impairs vision.
Insomnia
Condition
Insomnia is common in children but highly treatable. It is characterized by frequent night wakings, bedtime battles and difficulty falling and staying asleep.
Interstitial Lung Disease
Condition
Interstitial lung disease is a group of rare lung diseases that can make it difficult to breathe.
Intestinal Atresia and Stenosis
Condition
Intestinal atresia means that your child's intestines haven't formed correctly. In intestinal stenosis, the intestine has narrowed so much that it's difficult for nutrients to move through.
Intestinal or Multivisceral Transplant
Treatment
An intestinal transplant is a life-enhancing operation that replaces a failing intestine with an intestine from a deceased donor.
Intestinal Transporter and Enzyme Disorders
Condition
Intestinal transporter and enzyme disorders are rare genetic diseases of the intestine.
Learn more about Intestinal Transporter and Enzyme Disorders
Intravenous Line and Tube
Treatment
Intravenous (IV) lines give patients fluids and medications through tubes inserted into their veins and arteries.
Intravenous Pyelogram
Treatment
An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a minimally invasive procedure that uses X-ray to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.
Intraventricular Hemorrhage (IVH)
Condition
Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is bleeding inside or around the ventricles — spaces in the brain that contain the cerebral spinal fluid.
Intussusception
Condition
Intussusception occurs when a portion of your child's intestine folds inside another segment — this causes an obstruction that prevents the passage of food, which is being digested.
Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia (IRIDA)
Condition
Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is a rare, inherited form of iron deficiency anemia.
Learn more about Iron-Refractory Iron Deficiency Anemia (IRIDA)
Iritis (Uveitis)
Condition
Iritis is a form of uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. It’s the most common form of uveitis in children.
Iron Chelation Therapy
Treatment
Iron chelation drugs are used to treat an excess of iron in the body.
Iron Deficiency Anemia
Condition
Iron deficiency anemia is a common blood disorder that occurs when red blood cell counts are low due to a lack of iron.
Jaundice
Condition
Jaundice is a condition related to the liver that causes a child’s skin and eyes to appear yellow.
Jejunal Interposition
Treatment
Jejunal interposition replaces the missing section of a child's esophagus with a section of the jejunum.
Juvenile Polyposis Syndrome (JPS)
Condition
JPS is a hereditary condition identified by the presence of multiple polyps in the GI tract.
Juvenile Ankylosing Spondylitis
Condition
Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis affects the spine and the sites where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach to bone.
Juvenile Arthritis
Condition
Juvenile arthritis isn’t one condition, but is the general name for many types of arthritis that can occur in children.
Juvenile Dermatomyositis
Condition
Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which a child’s immune system attacks blood vessels throughout his body, causing muscle inflammation.
Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukemia
Condition
Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare type of blood cancer that occurs when bone marrow production of white blood cells becomes severely disregulated.
Juvenile Nasopharyngeal Angiofibroma
Condition
Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign vascular tumor that appears in the nasal cavity.
Kabuki Syndrome
Condition
Kabuki syndrome is a rare congenital disorder.
Kaposiform Hemangioendothelioma (KHE)
Condition
Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a benign tumor of a child's blood vessels.
Karyotype, Extended Banding, and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization
Treatment
Karyotype, extended banding chromosome studies, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and chromosomal microarray analysis are different chromosome studies that can help determine if your child has a genetic birth defect.
Learn more about Karyotype, Extended Banding, and Fluorescent in Situ Hybridization
Kasabach-Merritt Phenomenon (KMP)
Condition
Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a complication in which certain vascular tumors trap and destroy platelets.
Kawasaki Disease
Condition
Kawasaki disease is a childhood illness that causes inflammation of the blood vessels in many areas of the body.
KEBILIDI (Eladocagene Exuparvovec-tneq)
Treatment
KEBILIDI™ (eladocagene exuparvovec-tneq) is a gene therapy for AADC deficiency. It enables brain cells to make a working AADC protein needed for motor function.
Keloids
Condition
Keloids are nodules that develop on the surface of the skin following an injury or trauma to that area.
Keratoconus
Condition
Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition that causes distorted, blurry vision.
Ketogenic Diet
Treatment
A ketogenic diet (keto) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet used to treat a number of conditions, including epilepsy.
Kidney Dialysis
Treatment
Kidney dialysis helps the body filter blood because of issues with the kidneys.
Kidney Failure
Condition
Kidney failure refers to damage to the kidneys that results in loss of normal kidney function.
Kidney Stones
Condition
Kidney stones are small, hard deposits of mineral and acid salts formed within the urinary tract.
Kidney Transplant
Treatment
A kidney transplant is an operation performed to replace an end-stage kidney with a healthy one.
KIF1A-Associated Neurological Disorder (KAND)
Condition
KIF1A-associated neurological disorder (KAND) is a set of genetic conditions caused by variants in the KIF1A gene.
Learn more about KIF1A-Associated Neurological Disorder (KAND)
Kleefstra Syndrome
Condition
Kleefstra syndrome is a rare condition that can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability.
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Condition
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a rare spinal condition characterized by a short neck, low hairline, and limited neck mobility.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Condition
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital vascular anomaly that results in your child having a large number of abnormal blood vessels.
Knock Knees
Condition
Knock knees (genu valgum) is a condition in which the knees tilt inward while the ankles remain spaced apart.
Krabbe Disease
Condition
Krabbe disease is when an abnormal accumulation of fat molecules affects the cells in the nervous system.
KYMRIAH (Tisagenlecleucel)
Treatment
KYMRIAH™ (tisagenlecleucel) is a gene therapy for people with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or large B-cell lymphoma.
Kyphosis in Children
Condition
Kyphosis is an abnormal forward curve in the upper spine.
Labial Hypertrophy
Condition
Labial hypertrophy is a harmless condition in which one or both sides of the labia grow to larger sizes.
Labial Hypoplasia
Condition
Labial hypoplasia is a harmless condition in which one or both sides of the labia don't form normally during puberty.
Lactose Intolerance
Condition
Lactose intolerance is when people lack lactase, which breaks lactose into a form that can be absorbed by the blood.
Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis
Condition
Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) occurs when a child has too many of a certain cell type called Langerhans cells.
Language Disorders in Children
Condition
Children with language disorders have trouble understanding language or expressing themselves with language.
Laparoscopic Total Colectomy and Ileoanal Pull-through Procedures
Treatment
Laparoscopic total colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedures involve removing the entire colon.
Learn more about Laparoscopic Total Colectomy and Ileoanal Pull-through Procedures
Large Cell Lymphoma
Condition
Large cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Laryngeal Cleft
Condition
A laryngeal cleft (or laryngotracheal cleft) is an abnormal opening between the larynx and the esophagus.
Laryngeal Papilloma
Condition
Laryngeal papillomas are viral-induced growths that usually occur on the vocal cords and surrounding structures.
Laryngomalacia (Laryngealmalacia)
Condition
Laryngomalacia (or laryngealmalacia) results from a birth defect in your child’s voice box (larynx).
Laryngotracheoplasty
Treatment
Laryngotracheoplasty is a surgery to expand and repair an airway using pieces of cartilage from your child’s ear, rib cage, or thyroid.
Laser Ablation
Treatment
Laser ablation surgery is used to remove tumors or diseased brain tissue that is too deep inside the brain to safely access with usual neurosurgical methods.
Latex Allergy
Condition
In a latex allergy, a child may experience symptoms such as wheezing or hives any time a product made from latex comes into contact with your child’s skin, mucous membranes, or even bloodstream.
LDL, HDL, and Triglycerides
Condition
Cholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance that can be found all over the body. LDL, HDL, and triglycerides are types of cholesterol.
Lead Poisoning
Condition
Lead poisoning occurs when lead — once a common ingredient in paint and still used in batteries, pipes, pottery, and some cosmetics — builds up in the body.
Learning Disorders and Disabilities
Condition
“Learning disorder” and “specific learning disability” refer to a neurodevelopmental problem in which a child of normal intellectual potential is encountering unusual difficulty with their academic functioning that cannot be explained by inadequate educational opportunity or emotional or sensory disabilities.
Leber's Optic Atrophy
Condition
Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy causes a painless loss of central vision in people between 12 and 30 years old.
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Condition
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (aka Perthes disease) happens when the ball-shaped head of the thighbone temporarily loses its blood supply.
Leiomyosarcoma
Condition
Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer of the muscle, particularly of soft tissue.
LENMELDY (Atidarsagene Autotemcel)
Treatment
LENMELDY (atidarsagene autotemcel) is a one-time gene therapy for early onset metachromatic leukodystrophy. It enables children to make the ARSA enzyme, reducing MLD’s impact.
Leukemia
Condition
Leukemia is a type of blood cancer. It develops in the bone marrow and is the most common form of cancer in children.
Li-Fraumeni Syndrome
Condition
Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a hereditary condition that is often associated with a pathogenic variant in the TP53 gene.
Limb Length Discrepancy
Condition
A limb-length discrepancy is when one leg or arm is shorter than the other leg or arm.
Limb-Lengthening Surgery
Treatment
Limb-lengthening surgery is a surgical treatment that can correct a limb-length discrepancy by making a short limb longer.
Limb-Salvage Surgery
Treatment
Limb-salvage surgery is a surgical option for children with a malignant tumor in a long bone of their leg or arm.
Liposarcoma
Condition
Liposarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor that develops in fat tissue.
Little League Elbow
Condition
Little League elbow is an injury of the tendons, ligaments, or bones of a young athlete’s elbow.
Little League Shoulder
Condition
Little League shoulder happens when an athlete throws too often or repeatedly throws the wrong way and hurts his shoulder.
Liver Failure
Condition
Liver failure is the severe decline of liver function.
Liver Injuries
Condition
The liver, the largest organ in your body, can be injured by landing or being hit on the right chest or upper abdomen.
Liver Transplant
Treatment
If your child’s liver disease is no longer responding to treatment, a liver transplant may be an option to give him a longer and healthier life.
Loeys-Dietz Syndrome
Condition
Loeys-Dietz syndrome is a rare, genetic condition that affects the formation of a child’s connective tissue.
Long QT Syndrome
Condition
Long QT Syndrome (LQTS) is an inherited condition that affects the heart’s electrical rhythm and can cause fast, erratic heartbeats.
Lordosis
Condition
Lordosis is an exaggerated curve of the spine that typically affects the lower back.
Low Birthweight in Newborns
Condition
A birthweight less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces, is diagnosed as low birthweight.
Pediatric Low-grade Gliomas
Condition
Low-grade gliomas are brain tumors that originate from glial cells, which support and nourish neurons in the brain.
Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction (LUTO)
Condition
Lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) is when the fetus can’t normally and routinely empty its bladder.
Lung Resection
Treatment
A lung resection is a surgical procedure to remove a portion of a diseased lung.
Pulmonary Blood Flow Scan (Lung Scan)
Treatment
A pulmonary blood flow scan (or lung scan) is a nuclear medicine test that provides images of the blood flow in the lungs.
Lung Transplantation
Treatment
If your child has severe end-stage lung disease that no longer responds to treatment, a lung transplant might be an option to give her a longer and healthier life.
Pediatric Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus)
Condition
Lupus causes the immune system to mistakenly attack the body. It’s unpredictabe: It can affect many parts of the body at the same time.
Learn more about Pediatric Lupus (Systemic Lupus Erythmatosus)
Luxturna
Treatment
Luxturna (voretigene neparvove) is a gene therapy treatment for inherited retinal disorders caused by RPE65 mutations.
LYFGENIA™ Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease
Treatment
LYFGENIA is a gene therapy treatment for people 12 or older with sickle cell disease and a history of pain crises.
Learn more about LYFGENIA™ Gene Therapy for Sickle Cell Disease
Lyme Disease
Condition
Lyme disease is the most common tick-borne disease in the U.S.
Lymphangiography
Treatment
Lymphangiography is an imaging procedure that captures pictures of the body’s lymph nodes and lymph vessels and detects leaks.
Lymphatic Malformation
Condition
A lymphatic malformation is a sponge-like collection of abnormal growths that contain clear fluid.
Lymphedema
Condition
Lymphedema is a chronic, progressive disease that causes swelling because of non-functioning lymphatic vessels.
Lymphoblastic Lymphoma
Condition
Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a cancer of immature cells of the immune system.
Lymphoscintigraphy
Treatment
Lymphoscintigraphy is a noninvasive medical imaging test that can help your doctors diagnose problems related to the lymphatic system.
Lysosomal Acid Lipase Deficiency
Condition
Lysosomal acid lipase deficiency is a subset of lysosomal acid lipase deficiency (LALD).
Macrodactyly
Condition
Macrodactyly is an uncommon condition in which a baby's toes or fingers are abnormally large due to the overgrowth of the underlying bone and soft tissue.
Madelung's Deformity
Condition
Madelung’s deformity is a rare arm condition that affects the growth plate of the radius.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocystoma
Condition
A malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a type of cancerous tumor that can start in bone or in the soft tissues that connect, support, or surround organs and other body parts.
Malignant Rhabdoid Tumor
Condition
A malignant rhabdoid tumor is a rare childhood tumor that commonly starts in the kidneys but also can occur in other soft tissues or in the brain.
Malocclusion
Condition
Malocclusion is when there's any irregular contact of the teeth of the upper jaw with the teeth of the lower jaw.
Malunion Fracture
Condition
A malunion fracture is a broken bone that heals abnormally.
Marfan Syndrome
Condition
Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes the body's connective tissues to be weaker than they should be.
Mastitis
Condition
Mastitis is an infection or inflammation of the breast.
Mastoiditis
Condition
Mastoiditis is an inflammation or infection of the mastoid bone, which consists of air cells that drain the middle ear.
Measles (Rubeola)
Condition
Measles, also called rubeola, is a very contagious respiratory illness caused by a virus.
Meckel's Diverticulum Scan
Treatment
A Meckel's diverticulum scan is a nuclear medicine test that detects abnormally located gastric mucosa.
Medulloblastoma
Condition
A medulloblastoma is a brain tumor located in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls complex motor functions.
Megaloblastic Pernicious Anemia
Condition
Megaloblastic anemia is a form of anemia characterized by very large red blood cells and a decrease in the number of those cells.
Megaureter
Condition
Megaureter is the medical term for an enlarged ureter.
Melanoma (Skin Cancer)
Condition
Melanoma is a highly malignant skin cancer that begins in melanocytes — cells that make melanin — of normal skin or moles and spreads rapidly and widely.
Meningioma
Condition
Meningioma is a slow-growing and usually non-cancerous tumor that originates in the meninges, the membrane layer covering the brain and spinal cord.
Meningitis
Condition
Meningitis is a bacterial or viral infection that causes three thin layers of tissue that surround the brain and the spinal cord to swell.
Meningococcal Infections
Condition
Meningococcal infections are caused by a group of bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis.
Menstrual Irregularities
Condition
The most common cause for menstrual irregularities is when a woman's ovaries don't release an egg.
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy
Condition
Metachromatic leukodystrophy is a rare genetic condition in which an abnormal accumulation of fat molecules (sulfatides) affects cells in the nervous system.
Metatarsus Adductus
Condition
Metatarsus adductus (metatarsus varus) is a common deformity that causes the front half of the foot to turn inward.
Metopic Synostosis (Trigonocephaly)
Condition
Metopic synostosis (trigonocephaly or metopic suture craniosynostosis) is a type of craniosynostosis, when a developing infant’s skull fuses too early.
Microcephaly
Condition
In microcephaly, the brain develops abnormally, causing the head to be much smaller than expected for the child's age.
Microperforate Hymen
Condition
A microperforate hymen is when the hymenal membrane extends all the way across the hymenal area with only a very small hole in the center.
Microtia
Condition
Microtia is a birth defect of a baby’s ear in which the external ear is small and not properly formed.
Microvillus Inclusion Disease (MVID)
Condition
Microvillus inclusion disease (MVID) is a rare genetic disease of the intestine that causes severe diarrhea and an inability to absorb nutrients.
Midaortic Syndrome
Condition
Midaortic syndrome is a very rare condition in which part of the aorta that runs through the chest and abdomen narrows.
Milk Allergy
Condition
A milk allergy is an abnormal response of the body to the proteins found in cows’ milk.
Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery
Treatment
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery accelerates recovery by using small incisions to access and treat the heart.
Minimally Invasive Surgery
Treatment
Minimally invasive surgery is surgery done through small incisions using miniaturized surgical tools and cameras or telescopes.
Mirror Syndrome
Condition
Mirror syndrome, also known as Ballantyne syndrome, is an extremely rare and serious condition in which both a pregnant person and fetus experience severe fluid buildup.
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
Condition
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C), also called pediatric multi-system inflammatory syndrome temporally related to SARS CoV-2 (PMIS or PIMS-TS), is a potentially serious illness in children that appears to be a delayed, post-infectious complication of COVID-19 infection.
Learn more about Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C)
Misophonia
Condition
Misophonia is a neurophysiological disorder characterized by an excessive reaction of anger, disgust, and a “fight-or-flight” response to specific sounds.
Mitochondrial Disease
Condition
Mitochondrial disease is not a single disorder but an umbrella term for dozens of individual disorders in which the body’s cells have problems producing energy.
Mitral Valve Disease
Condition
Mitral valve disease disrupts the flow of oxygen-rich blood through those chambers and affects the rest of the body.
Mitral Valve Stenosis
Condition
Mitral valve stenosis happens when the mitral valve is too narrow, causing blood to back up in the heart’s left atrium.
MOG Antibody Disease (MOGAD)
Condition
Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) antibody disease is a relatively rare autoimmune condition.
Mold Allergy
Condition
A mold allergy is an abnormal response of your child’s body to mold.
Molluscum Contagiosum
Condition
Molluscum contagiosum is a viral disease that causes small pink or skin-colored bumps on your child's skin.
Monkeypox
Condition
Monkeypox (MPX) is a viral infection that can cause a painful rash, fever, head and muscle aches, and exhaustion.
Morquio Syndrome
Condition
Morquio syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects a child’s bones and spine, organs, and physical abilities.
Movement Disorders
Condition
Children with movement disorders have involuntary movements or trouble moving in the way they intend to.
Moyamoya Disease
Condition
Moyamoya is a rare condition in which the blood vessels (internal carotid arteries) that supply blood to the brain become narrowed.
Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPN)
Condition
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a rare, closely related group of blood disorders in which the bone marrow overproduces red blood cells, white blood cells, or platelets.
MPS I (Hurler Syndrome)
Condition
Children with mucopolysarcharidosis type I (MPS I) have an abnormal accumulation of complex sugars in their cells, which affects many of the systems in their bodies.
MPS II (Hunter Syndrome)
Condition
Children with mucopolysarcharidosis type II (MPS II) have an abnormal accumulation of complex sugars in their cells, which affects many systems in their bodies.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Treatment
MRI is a routine diagnostic imaging exam that uses a large magnet, radio waves, and a computer to produce two- and three-dimensional images of the body's organs, tissues, and bones.
Mucolipidosis I (ML I)
Condition
Mucolipidosis I (ML I), or sialidosis, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucolipidosis II (ML II)
Condition
Mucolipidosis II (ML II), or I-cell disease, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucolipidosis III (ML III)
Condition
Mucolipidosis III (ML III) is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type IVA (MPS IVA)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type IVA (MPS IVA), also known as Morquio syndrome type A, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type IVB (MPS IVB)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type IVB (MPS IVB), also known as Morquio syndrome type B, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type VI (MPS VI)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type VI (MPS VI), also known as Maroteaux-Lamay syndrome, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Mucopolysarcharidosis Type VII (MPS VII)
Condition
Mucopolysarcharidosis type VII (MPS VII), also known as Sly syndrome, is a rare, inherited disorder in which genetic variations disrupt the normal activity of lysosomes in human cells.
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney
Condition
Multicystic dysplastic kidney is a condition in which the kidney has been essentially replaced by multiple cysts.
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia
Condition
Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) is an inherited genetic multiple endocrine neoplasia that causes tumors to grow in several of the body’s hormone-producing, endocrine organs.
Multiple Sclerosis (MS)
Condition
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is when the body's immune system reacts against the central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves.
Multiple Sulfatase Deficiency
Condition
Multiple sulfatase deficiency is a complex, inherited disorder caused by a genetic mutation.
Mumps
Condition
Mumps is a very contagious viral illness that usually makes a child have a fever and swollen salivary glands in his mouth and near his ear.
Muscle Weakness (Hypotonia)
Condition
Hypotonia is decreased muscle tone.
Muscular Dystrophy (MD)
Condition
Muscular dystrophy is a general name for a group of rare diseases that cause muscle weakness. It is caused by mutations in certain genes.
Myasthenia Gravis
Condition
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease that causes the muscles, especially in the eyes, mouth, throat, and limbs, to weaken after periods of activity.
Myelodysplastic Syndrome in Children
Condition
Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) is a rare disease of the blood, only occurring in four out of every 1 million children.
Myocarditis and Pericarditis
Condition
Myocarditis and pericarditis are inflammatory conditions that affect the heart.
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Condition
Children with myopia (nearsightedness) can see close up, but have problems seeing things far away.
Narcolepsy
Condition
Narcolepsy is a chronic brain disorder that causes severe daytime sleepiness.
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Condition
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is a rare cancer that arises in the nasal cavity and pharynx (throat).
Neck Masses (Cysts and Sinuses of the Head and Neck)
Condition
Neck masses are rarely cancerous. The majority are benign enlarged lymph nodes caused by infection or inflammation.
Learn more about Neck Masses (Cysts and Sinuses of the Head and Neck)
Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Condition
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious intestinal illness in babies that results in the death of intestinal tissues.
Needle Biopsy
Treatment
A needle biopsy is a diagnostic procedure in which we use a needle to obtain tissue samples from an organ, bone, or mass.
Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS)
Condition
Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a term for a group of problems a baby experiences when withdrawing from exposure to narcotics.
Neonatal Hepatitis C
Condition
Hepatitis C is a disease of the liver that is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).
Neonatal Stroke
Condition
Neonatal stroke is stroke in newborns between birth and 28 days.
Nephrectomy
Treatment
A nephrectomy is a surgical procedure to remove a kidney that is diseased or not functioning properly.
Nephrotic Syndrome (Kidney Disease)
Condition
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is the name given to a collection of kidney-related findings in your child’s body.
Nerve Block
Treatment
A nerve block is a type of pain management that uses a local or regional anesthetic to block pain signals.
Nervous System Disorders
Condition
Nervous system disorders can involve a range of conditions that may be chronic or may be triggered by secondary factors.
Neural Tube Defects
Condition
Neural tube defects happen when the tube fails to close completely before birth.
Neuroblastoma
Condition
Neuroblastoma is a cancerous tumor that begins in nerve tissue of young children.
Neurocritical Care
Treatment
Neurocritical care is a field devoted to protecting and treating the brains of critically ill and injured children.
Neurocutaneous Syndromes
Condition
Neurocutaneous syndrome is a broad term for a group of neurologic (brain, spine, and peripheral nerve) disorders.
Neuroendocrine Tumors (NETs)
Condition
Neuroendocrine tumors, also known as NETs, are growths that develop from specialized, hormone-producing neuroendocrine tissue distributed throughout the body.
Neurofibromatosis
Condition
Neurofibromatosis 1 is a genetic condition that causes symptoms including tumors (called neurofibromas) formed from nerve tissue.
Neurofibromatosis Type 2
Condition
Neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) is a genetic disorder that causes slow-growing tumors to develop on the eighth cranial nerve.
Neurofibrosarcoma
Condition
Neurofibrosarcomas (peripheral nerve sheath tumors) are malignant tumors that form in the soft tissues surrounding the peripheral nerves.
Neurogenic Bladder
Condition
Neurogenic bladder is a urinary tract dysfunction in which the bladder doesn’t empty, properly due to a neurological condition or spinal cord injury.
Neurological Diagnostic Tests
Treatment
Neurological diagnostic tests help physicians evaluate and diagnose damage to the nervous system — which consists of the brain, the spinal cord, and the nerves from these areas.
Neuromuscular Scoliosis
Condition
Neuromuscular scoliosis is one of three main types of scoliosis that cause an irregular curvature of the spine.
Neuromyelitis Optica
Condition
Neuromyelitis optica is a rare autoimmune condition that causes inflammation in the central nervous system.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type A
Condition
Niemann-Pick disease is a rare genetic condition that affects many of the body’s organs and systems, including the central nervous system.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type B
Condition
Niemann-Pick disease type B is a rare genetic condition that affects many of the body’s organs and systems, including the central nervous system.
Niemann-Pick Disease Type C
Condition
Niemann-Pick disease is a rare genetic condition that affects many of the body’s organs and systems, including the central nervous system.
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
Condition
Non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) all start in lymph tissue and share some similarities in how the cells look under a microscope.
Non-Ossifying Fibroma
Condition
A non-ossifying fibroma is a benign (non-cancerous), non-aggressive tumor that consists mainly of fibrous tissue. It usually occurs in the thighbone or shinbone.
Noonan Syndrome
Condition
Noonan syndrome is a genetic condition that can affect many different areas of the body and development.
Nosebleeds
Condition
Nosebleeds (epistaxis) are fairly common in children, especially in dry climates or during the winter months.
Nursemaid's Elbow
Condition
Nursemaid’s elbow (“pulled elbow”) occurs when the ligament that holds the radius in place at the elbow joint slips and the end of the radius shifts out of position.
Nursing Bottle Caries
Condition
Nursing caries, or tooth decay, can be caused when your child sleeps with a bottle.
Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Condition
A child or adolescent with obsessive-compulsive disorder has obsessive thoughts that are unwanted and related to fears, and uses compulsive rituals to control the fears.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
Condition
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is when a child’s breathing is repeatedly blocked during sleep.
Oculoplastic Surgery
Treatment
Oculoplastic surgery is plastic surgery of the eyelids. It’s a specialty of ophthalmology that focuses on three areas: the orbit, the eyelids, and the lacrimal (tear) system.
Odontogenic Tumors
Condition
Odontogenic tumors are any kind of abnormal growth in and around the jaw and teeth; many of these tumors are considered to be benign.
Oligodendroglioma
Condition
Oligodendrogliomas are low-grade gliomas, a type of brain tumor, that arise from a type of cell called an oligodendrocyte.
Omphalocele
Condition
An omphalocele is a congenital abnormality in which some of the abdominal organs of an infant protrude through an opening in the muscles near the umbilical cord.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
Condition
Oppositional defiant disorder is one of the commonly diagnosed disruptive behavior disorders in children and adolescents.
Opsoclonus-Myoclonus Syndrome
Condition
Opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome happens when a small tumor or a viral infection triggers the immune system to attack the nervous system.
Optic Nerve Glioma (Optic Pathway Glioma)
Condition
An optic nerve glioma (also called an optic pathway glioma) is a slow-growing brain tumor that arises in or around the optic nerve, which connects the eye to the brain.
Optic Neuritis (ON)
Condition
Optic neuritis (ON) involves an attack of inflammation (swelling) in your optic nerve.
Orbital Cellulitis (Periorbital Cellulitis)
Condition
Orbital cellulitis and periorbital cellulitis are inflammation and infection of the tissue and skin surrounding the eye.
Learn more about Orbital Cellulitis (Periorbital Cellulitis)
Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
Condition
OTC deficiency is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) enzyme.
Learn more about Ornithine Transcarbamylase (OTC) Deficiency
Oromandibular Limb Hypoplasia
Condition
Oromandibular limb hypoplasia is a group of rare conditions that involve congenital malformations of the tongue and jawbones.
Orthobiologics
Treatment
Orthobiologics are a type of therapy that use natural substances, such as sugars, proteins, blood, or tissue.
Orthognathic Surgery
Treatment
Orthognathic surgery is a set of surgical procedures used to correct jaw abnormalities resulting from skeletal problems.
Os Odontoideum
Condition
Os odontoideum happens when a separation occurs at the top of the spine.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Condition
Osgood-Schlatter disease is an overuse condition or knee injury that causes a painful bump and swelling on the shinbone.
Osteoblastoma
Condition
Osteoblastoma is a benign, bone-forming tumor that’s most often found in the lower vertebrae of the spine or long bones of the lower extremity.
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Condition
Osteochondritis dissecans is a joint disorder in which a segment of bone and cartilage starts to separate from the rest of the bone.
Osteochondroma (Extosis)
Condition
Osteochondroma is a typically non-cancerous (benign) bone tumor that generally appears near the growth plate.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Condition
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by fragile bones that break easily without a specific cause.
Osteoid Osteoma
Condition
An osteoid osteoma is a benign, small tumor that usually grows in the long bones of a person’s lower extremities.
Osteomyelitis
Condition
Osteomyelitis is the term for a bone infection.
Osteosarcoma
Condition
Osteosarcoma is the most common type of bone cancer among children, adolescents, and young adults.
Ostomy
Treatment
An ostomy is a surgically created opening in the intestine (bowel) connected to the skin.
Outer Ear Injury
Condition
Injuries to the outer ear, ear canal, or eardrum can be painful as well as noticeable.
Ovarian Cysts
Condition
Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs that usually dissolve after ovulation and can cause pain, but most often go away on their own.
Ovarian Masses and Ovarian Tumors in Adolescents
Condition
Ovarian masses and tumors can form in infants and adolescents born female on one or both ovaries.
Learn more about Ovarian Masses and Ovarian Tumors in Adolescents
Overactive Bladder (OAB)
Condition
Overactive bladder (OAB) is a voiding dysfunction that results in the urge to urinate frequently and urgently.
Overuse Injuries
Condition
Overuse injuries are sports-related microtraumas that result from repetitively using the same parts of the body.
Pancreatitis
Condition
Pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas becomes inflamed.
Paraganglioma and Pheochromocytoma
Condition
Paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas are tumors that develop out of the neuroendocrine tissue responsible for making epinephrine.
Parkes Weber Syndrome
Condition
PWS is an exceptionally rare congenital vascular anomaly that results in a child having a large number of abnormal blood vessels.
Parry-Romberg Syndrome
Condition
Parry-Romberg syndrome, also call Romberg syndrome or progressive facial hemiatrophy, is a condition where the tissue of one side of the face gradually wastes away.
Patch Testing for Children
Treatment
Patch testing is a type of skin allergy test.
Patellar Instability
Condition
Patellar instability (kneecap dislocation) happens when the kneecap slides out of place.
Patellofemoral Pain
Condition
Patellofemoral pain is pain around the front of the knee.
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Condition
Patent ductus arteriosus is a congenital heart condition where there is a persistent connection between the pulmonary artery and the aorta.
Patent Foramen Ovale (PFO) in Children
Condition
A patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a hole in the wall that that separates the heart’s two upper chambers (atria).
Peanut Allergy
Condition
A peanut allergy is an abnormal response of the body to the proteins found in peanuts.
Pearson Syndrome
Condition
Pearson syndrome is a very rare condition that affects various parts of the body, and it is caused by a mutation — or changing of structure — in the mitochondrial DNA.
Pectus Carinatum
Condition
Pectus carinatum, also known as pigeon chest, is a deformity of the chest wall in which the breastbone and ribs are pushed outward.
Pectus Excavatum
Condition
Pectus excavatum, also known as concave chest or funnel chest, is a deformity of the chest wall.
Pediatric and Childhood Cancers
Condition
While childhood cancer is a potentially life-threatening condition requiring intensive treatment, the majority of pediatric cancers are treatable.
Pediatric Eye Examinations
Treatment
Thousands of patients visit us each year for pediatric eye examinations.
Pediatric Fibromyalgia and Musculoskeletal Pain
Condition
Fibromyalgia is when pain is being set off by things that feel painless to most people — getting a friendly pat on the back, for instance.
Learn more about Pediatric Fibromyalgia and Musculoskeletal Pain
Pediatric Neurological Examination
Treatment
A neurological exam is a simple series of tests that allows your child’s doctor to watch your child nervous system in action so they can assess it.
Pelvic Pain
Condition
Pelvic pain is defined as frequently experienced pain in the region below the belly button and between the hips.
Peptic Ulcers in Children
Condition
A peptic ulcer is an open sore in the lining of the stomach or the duodenum.
Percutaneous Nephrostomy
Treatment
A percutaneous nephrostomyis performed when there is blockage or obstruction in the part of the urinary tract draining the urine between the kidneys and bladder.
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography
Treatment
A transhepatic cholangiography is an invasive imaging study that shows the bile ducts in the liver.
Periacetabular Osteotomy (PAO)
Treatment
PAO is a surgical procedure for hip dysplasia that preserves the hip joint.
Perichondritis
Condition
Perichondritis is an infection of the skin and tissue surrounding the cartilage of the outer ear.
Periodontal Diseases
Condition
Periodontal diseases, also called gum diseases, are serious bacterial infections that destroy the gums and the surrounding tissues of the mouth.
Peripheral Nerve Injury
Condition
Peripheral nerve injuries interfere with signals between the brain and other parts of the body.
Peripheral Pulmonary Stenosis
Condition
Peripheral pulmonary stenosis is a narrowing in one or more of the branches of the pulmonary arteries.
Periventricular Leukomalacia
Condition
Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) is a type of brain injury most common in very premature babies.
Peroral Endoscopic Myotomy (POEM)
Treatment
Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a type of endoscopic procedure used to treat achalasia in some older children and adolescents.
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome
Condition
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome causes multiple polyps (abnormal growths) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Pfeiffer Syndrome
Condition
Pfeiffer syndrome is a complex genetic disorder in which certain bones in the skull fuse early in their development.
PHACE Syndrome
Condition
PHACE is an associated collection of disorders characterized by a large infantile hemangioma on a child's face, scalp, and neck
Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis
Condition
Pharyngitis and tonsillitis are infections that cause inflammation and soreness in the throat.
Phelan-McDermid Syndrome
Condition
Phelan-McDermid syndrome, also called 22q13 deletion syndrome, is a genetic disorder caused by deletion of part of chromosome 22 or a defect in a gene called SHANK3.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Condition
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a genetically determined metabolic disorder that is highly treatable.
Pheochromocytomas
Condition
A pheochromocytoma is a tumor on the adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine hormones.
Phimosis and Paraphimosis
Condition
Phimosis is a constriction of the opening of the foreskin so that it cannot be drawn back over the tip of the penis. Paraphimosis occurs when the foreskin is retracted behind the corona (or crown) of the penis and cannot be returned to the unretracted position.
Pial Synangiosis
Treatment
Pial synangiosis is a type of surgery for moyamoya.
PICU Up!™
Treatment
PICU Up!™ is an early mobility program that aims to improve the health and well-being of children in intensive care.
Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis (PVNS)
Condition
Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a type of benign (non-cancerous) tumor that arises from the soft connective tissue of joints.
Pilocytic Astrocytoma
Condition
A pilocytic astrocytoma is a brain tumor that originates from star-shaped cells called astrocytes.
Pilonidal Disease
Condition
Pilonidal disease is a chronic infection of the skin in the area between the buttocks.
Pityriasis Rosea
Condition
Pityriasis rosea is a common and mild skin condition characterized by scaly, pink, and inflamed skin.
Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PK)
Condition
Pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency is a rare, genetic, lifelong condition that affects red blood cells.
Plagiocephaly
Condition
Plagiocephaly (also called deformational plagiocephaly or positional plagiocephaly) causes a baby’s head to have a flattened appearance.
Plantar Fasciitis
Condition
Plantar fasciitis is pain on the bottom of one or both heels, caused by irritation to the plantar fascia, which are the dense tissue bands that connect the heels to the toes.
Platelet Function Disorders
Condition
A platelet function disorder is when blood may not be able to clot normally, which results in an increased risk of bleeding.
Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma
Condition
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) is a rare, benign brain tumor that likely arises from cells in the nervous system that make up the supportive network for the brain.
Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)
Condition
As many as 75 percent of girls and women experience unpleasant symptoms or painful pelvic cramps before or during their monthly menstrual cycle, called premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Pneumonia
Condition
Pneumonia is an inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemical irritants.
Poison Ivy, Poison Oak, and Poison Sumac
Condition
The oils of the poison ivy plants can cause an allergic reaction in nearly 85 percent of the population.
Polio (Poliomyelitis)
Condition
Poliomyelitis (polio) is a highly contagious infectious disease that can result in paralysis.
Pollen Allergy
Condition
A pollen allergy is a reaction to a fine powdery substance that come from flowering plants, including trees, grasses, and weeds.
Pollicization Surgery
Treatment
Pollicization surgery is performed when your child has no thumb or when the thumb hypoplasia is severe.
Polycystic Kidney Disease
Condition
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the growth of numerous cysts filled with fluid in the kidneys.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS)
Condition
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common condition characterized by a hormonal imbalance resulting in irregular or absent menstrual periods, acne, and/or increased facial/body hair growth.
Polycythemia
Condition
Polycythemia is a blood disorder occurring when there are too many red blood cells in the body.
Polydactyly
Condition
Polydactyly is a condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers.
Polypectomy Procedure
Treatment
A polypectomy is when the polyp is removed. This may be performed in one of two ways.
Pompe Disease
Condition
Pompe disease is caused by a genetic mutation that causes a buildup of complex sugars in the body’s tissues.
Portal Hypertension Liver Disease
Condition
Portal hypertension is an increase in pressure within the portal vein, the vessel that carries blood from the intestines and the spleen to the liver.
Positron Emission Tomography (PET/CT)
Treatment
Positron emission tomography (PET/CT scan) is a non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that provides highly detailed images of the body.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Condition
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a serious mental health condition that affects people who have survived a terrifying physical or emotional event.
Posterior Urethral Valves
Condition
Urethral valves occur when a boy is born with extra flaps of tissue that have grown in his urethra.
Precocious Early Puberty
Condition
Precocious, or early, puberty is when a child enters the process of becoming sexually mature too early.
Premature Adrenarche
Condition
Premature adrenarche is characterized by changes in the body as your child enters her teen years.
Prematurity
Condition
A baby born before 37 weeks of pregnancy is considered premature. Slightly fewer than 12 percent of all babies are premature.
Prenatal Ultrasound
Treatment
A prenatal ultrasound is a non-invasive imaging technique that gives doctors an accurate picture of a fetus.
Primary Hyperoxaluria (PH)
Condition
Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is identified by the overproduction of oxalate, a naturally occurring chemical in the body.
Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Condition
Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDDs) are a group of inherited conditions affecting the immune system.
Primary Percutaneous Gastrojejunostomy
Treatment
A primary percutaneous (through the skin) gastrojejunostomy is a procedure in which a tube is placed through the abdominal wall into the stomach and then through the duodenum into the jejunum.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Condition
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic condition in which the liver’s bile ducts become inflamed and scarred.
Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (PNET)
Condition
Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) and pineoblastoma are a group of tumors defined by their appearance and are thought to develop from primitive (undeveloped) nerve cells in the brain.
Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome)
Condition
Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS, aka “progeria”) is a rare condition in which children show signs of early aging.
Learn more about Progeria (Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome)
Posterior Sagittal Anorectoplasty (PSARP)
Treatment
A posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) is a type of pull-through procedure that is used to repair anorectal malformations in some children.
PTEN Hamartoma Tumor Syndrome (PHTS)
Condition
PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS) is a genetic disorder caused by a defect in a gene called PTEN.
Pull-Through Procedure
Treatment
The pull-through procedure is used to treat children with Hirschsprung's disease.
Pulmonary Atresia
Condition
Pulmonary atresia occurs when the pulmonary valve — normally located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery — doesn’t form properly.
Pulmonary Function Test
Treatment
Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) are diagnostic tests to evaluate your child’s lung function or to measure any change in your child's condition.
Pulmonary Hypertension
Condition
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is abnormally high blood pressure that occurs in the arteries of the lungs (the pulmonary arteries).
Pulmonary Valve Disease
Condition
Pulmonary valve disease narrows the pulmonary valve and affects the critical flow of blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Condition
Pulmonary valve stenosis is the term describing a narrowing in the opening of the pulmonary valve.
Pulmonary Vein Stenosis
Condition
Pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) is a rare condition in which the veins that carry blood from the lungs back to the heart are narrowed.
Pulsed Dye Laser
Treatment
A pulsed dye laser (PDL) uses a laser to remove or treat various vascular anomalies.
Puncture Wounds
Condition
A puncture wound is a deep wound made by a sharp object such as a nail or a jagged piece of metal or wood.
Pyloric Stenosis
Condition
A main symptom of pyloric stenosis is when young babies projectile vomit on a regular basis.
Rabies
Condition
Rabies is a viral infection of certain warm-blooded animals (such as skunks, raccoons, foxes, coyotes, and bats) and is caused by a virus in the Rhabdoviridae family.
Radial Longitudinal Deficiency (Radial Club Hand)
Condition
Radial longitudinal deficiency (radial club hand) is a rare condition that affects the forearm.
Learn more about Radial Longitudinal Deficiency (Radial Club Hand)
Radiation Therapy
Treatment
Radiation therapy uses high-energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells by damaging their DNA, the genetic material in a cell.
Radioactive Iodine Therapy
Treatment
Radioactive iodine therapy is used to destroy thyroid cells for the treatment of thyroid cancer or Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism).
Radionuclide Cystogram (RNC)
Treatment
A radionuclide cystogram, known as an RNC, is a diagnostic imaging exam that determines if your child has vesicoureteral reflux.
Radiosurgery
Treatment
In stereotactic radiosurgery, a neurosurgeon focuses beams of high-energy radiation on a child's tumor or malformation while leaving the nearby tissues unaffected.
Radioulnar Synostosis
Condition
Radioulnar synostosis is a rare condition in which the two bones of the forearm — the radius and the ulna — are abnormally connected.
ROHHAD Syndrome
Condition
Rapid-onset obesity with hypothalamic dysfunction, hypoventilation, and autonomic dysregulation (ROHHAD) syndrome is an extremely rare and life-threatening disorder marked by rapid and dramatic weight gain, along with other symptoms.
Rasmussen Syndrome
Condition
Also known as Rasmussen’s encephalitis, Rasmussen syndrome is a very rare form of chronic brain inflammation.
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
Condition
Raynaud’s phenomenon is when a child’s blood vessels react in an exaggerated way to cold or stress.
Rectal Prolapse in Children
Condition
Rectal prolapse occurs when the lining of a child's rectum protrudes through the anus and outside the body.
Red Blood Cell Disorders
Condition
Red blood cell (RBC) disorders are conditions that affect red blood cells, the cells of blood that carry oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body.
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)
Condition
Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) happens when athletes do not get enough fuel through food to support the energy demands of their daily lives and training.
Relapsed or Refractory Neuroblastoma
Condition
Relapsed neuroblastoma is when neuroblastoma returns in patients who have already undergone treatment for the disease. Refractory neuroblastoma is when the tumor does not respond to initial treatment.
Renal Artery Stenosis
Condition
Renal artery stenosis is when one or more of the vessels carrying blood to the kidneys become narrowed.
Renal MAG3 Scan
Treatment
A renal MAG3 scan is a nuclear medicine test that allows doctors to see your child’s kidneys and learn more about how they are functioning.
Respiratory Distress
Condition
A child is in respiratory distress when he or she has difficulty breathing.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Condition
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a viral organism that can cause upper and lower respiratory tract infections.
Retinal Disorders
Condition
A retinal disorder occurs when the retina malfunctions.
Retinoblastoma
Condition
Retinoblastoma is a rare childhood cancer of the eye. It arises from the retina.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)
Condition
Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) affects blood vessels in premature babies’ eyes. Infants with more severe forms of ROP face a serious risk of blindness.
Rett Syndrome
Condition
Rett syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes a loss of spoken language and motor skills, as well as behavioral and neurological problems.
Reye Syndrome
Condition
Reye syndrome is a rare condition that affects the normal chemical balance in the body, resulting in potential damage to all organs, but primarily the brain and liver.
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Condition
Rhabdomyosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that grows in the body's soft tissues.
Rheumatic Fever
Condition
Rheumatic fever is a systemic immune disease that affects the joints, skin, heart, blood, vessels, and brain.
Ringworm
Condition
Ringworm is a skin condition characterized by a ring-shaped red, scaly rash, or patches with clearing centers.
Robin Sequence
Condition
Robin sequence (aka Pierre Robin sequence) is a combination of facial differences that are present at birth.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Condition
Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF) is an infection caused by a type of bacteria carried by ticks.
ROCTAVIAN™ Gene Therapy for Hemophilia A
Treatment
ROCTAVIAN (valoctocogene roxaparvovec-rvox) is a one-time gene therapy treatment for severe hemophilia A.
Roseola
Condition
Roseola is a viral illness that results in a rash or skin eruption. It usually consists of a high fever and a rash that develops as the fever decreases.
Rotationplasty
Treatment
Rotationplasty is a surgical procedure used to treat bone tumors in children that occur near the knee.
Rotavirus Infections
Condition
Rotavirus is a contagious virus. Among children, it's the leading cause of severe diarrhea.
Rubella
Condition
Rubella is a viral illness that results in a rash or skin eruption.
Sacrococcygeal Teratoma (SCT)
Condition
A sacrococcygeal teratoma (SCT) is a rare tumor that develops at the base of the spine.
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome
Condition
Saethre-Chotzen syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by the premature fusion of certain skull bones, which prevents the skull from growing normally and affects the shape of the head and face.
Salivagram
Treatment
A salivagram is a nuclear medicine test that shows the flow of saliva from the mouth through the esophagus and stomach.
Sanfilippo Syndrome
Condition
Sanfilippo syndrome (aka mucopolysaccharidosis type III (MPS III)) is a rare, inherited disorder that's classified as a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD).
Sarcoidosis
Condition
Sarcoidosis is an inflammatory disease that results in granulomas, which are small, rounded growths consisting of blood vessels, cells, and connective tissue.
Scarlet Fever
Condition
Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is a contagious infection caused by the same bacteria that causes strep throat.
Schizophrenia in Children
Condition
Schizophrenia is a major psychiatric illness that is rooted in the biology of the brain.
Schwannoma (Neurilemoma)
Condition
Schwannoma (also called neurilemoma) is a benign tumor that can arise from any nerve in the body, but tends to favor certain nerves located in the head and neck
Scleroderma
Condition
Scleroderma is a chronic autoimmune condition that leads to scarring of the skin, joints, and other internal organs.
Sclerotherapy
Treatment
Sclerotherapy is a minimally invasive, image-guided treatment that involves injecting a liquid medication into a vascular malformation to shrink and close it.
Scoliosis
Condition
Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine has an abnormal curve. A spine with scoliosis curves front to back but also curves sideways.
Scoliosis Bracing for Teens and Tweens
Treatment
The primary goal of a scoliosis brace is to keep the curve from progressing to the level that surgery is required.
Second-Degree Burns
Condition
A second-degree burn affects the outer and underlying layers of skin: the epidermis and dermis.
Seizures in Children
Condition
Seizures happen when brain cells fire or “talk” too much, temporarily disrupting the brain’s normal electrical signals. They’re quite common, especially in infants and young children.
Selective Dorsal Rhizotomy
Treatment
Selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR) is a minimally invasive spinal operation for children with cerebral palsy.
Selective Fetal Growth Restriction (sFGR)
Condition
Learn more about selective fetal growth restriction (sFGR) from Boston Children’s Hospital.
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Condition
Sensorineural hearing loss is an extremely common type of hearing loss that affects the inner ear.
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Condition
Separation anxiety disorder (SAD) is an anxiety disorder that causes a child to suffer from feelings of extreme worry when apart from family members or other places and people she is attached to.
Septal Defects
Condition
A septal defect is a hole in the septum, which is the muscle wall that separates the heart's left and right chambers.
Septate Hymen
Condition
A septate hymen is when, because of an extra band of tissue in the middle, there are two smaller openings to the vagina instead of one.
Septate Uterus
Condition
A woman with a septate uterus has a normal shaped uterus with a wall of tissue creating two cavities.
Septic (Infectious) Arthritis
Condition
Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint tissues and the joint's fluid (synovial fluid).
Sever's Disease
Condition
Sever’s disease occurs when the growth plate in the back of the heel becomes inflamed and painful.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Condition
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), often called “bubble boy disease,” is very rare, genetic disorder.
Shin Splints
Condition
“Shin splints” is a catch-all term for tenderness and pain in the area of the shin bone (tibia).
Shockwave Therapy
Treatment
Shockwave therapy is a non-invasive treatment that stimulates the body’s natural healing process.
Short Bowel Syndrome (SBS)
Condition
Short bowel syndrome, or "short gut," is a condition caused by the loss of a functioning small intestine.
Shoulder Dislocation
Condition
A shoulder dislocation happens when the ball at the top of the arm bone separates from the shoulder socket.
Shwachman-Diamond Syndrome
Condition
Shwachman-Diamond syndrome (SDS) is a rare, inherited bone marrow failure, characterized by a low number of white blood cells, poor growth due to difficulty absorbing food, and, in some cases, skeletal abnormalities.
Sialic Acid Storage Disease
Condition
Sialic acid storage disease is a rare, inherited disorder that predominantly affects the central nervous system.
Sickle Cell Disease
Condition
Sickle cell disease is an inherited blood disorder where cells cluster together, making it difficult for them to move through small blood vessels, thus denying oxygen to the blood.
Single Ventricle Defects
Condition
A single ventricle defect occurs when one of the two pumping chambers in the heart, called ventricles, isn’t large enough or strong enough to work correctly.
Single Ventricle Surgery
Treatment
The goal of single ventricle surgeries is to enable one ventricle to do the work normally done by two ventricles.
Sinusitis
Condition
Sinusitis is an infection of the sinuses near the nose.
Sitosterolemia
Condition
Sitosterolemia is a rare genetic disease that causes the fatty substances, or lipids, from plant-based foods such as nuts and vegetable oils to accumulate in arteries, likely increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart disease.
Skeletal Dysplasia
Condition
Skeletal dysplasia is a category of rare genetic disorders that cause abnormal development of a baby’s bones, joints, and cartilage.
Skin Pigment Disorders
Condition
Skin pigment disorders affect the amount of melanin in a child's skin, affecting skin color.
SKYSONA™ Gene Therapy for Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy
Treatment
SKYSONA (elivaldogene autotemcel) is a one-time gene therapy for boys ages 4 to 17 with early X-linked cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD).
Learn more about SKYSONA™ Gene Therapy for Cerebral Adrenoleukodystrophy
Sleep Studies
Treatment
A sleep study is a test that can help diagnose certain types of sleep problems, such as obstructive sleep apnea, central sleep apnea, sleep hypoventilation, narcolepsy, and sleep-related seizures.
Slide Tracheoplasty
Treatment
Our airway disorders team is highly experienced in Slide Tracheoplasty, a surgery to expand and repair a narrowed airway.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Condition
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is one of the most common developmental conditions of the hip joint.
Slow Weight Gain in Infants and Children
Condition
Slow weight gain, sometimes called “failure to thrive," is a manifestation of many factors that prevent a child from getting the calories they need for healthy growth.
Small Cuts and Scrapes
Condition
Most cuts and scrapes are minor injuries that can be treated at home.
Soft Tissue Sarcomas
Condition
Soft tissue sarcomas are cancerous tumors that begin in the tissues that connect, support, or surround the body's organs and structures.
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Condition
Somatic symptom and related disorders are diseases in which youth have physical symptoms that are very distressing or result in significant disruption of their daily functioning.
Soy Allergy
Condition
A soy allergy is an abnormal response of the body to the proteins found in soy.
Speech and Language Therapy
Treatment
Speech and language therapy is a short-term service that provides our patients with intervention and resources to support communication development.
Speech Disorders
Condition
Speech disorders interfere with the way children produce sounds or pronounce certain words.
Speech, Language, and Hearing Development Problems
Condition
The most common cause of speech delay in children is the persistence of fluid behind the eardrum and the associated hearing loss.
Learn more about Speech, Language, and Hearing Development Problems
Spider Bites
Condition
Two spiders that cause serious problems are the black widow spider and the brown recluse spider.
Spider Telangiectasias
Condition
Spider telangiectasias look like little red lines on a child's skin and are usually just a cosmetic problem.
Spina Bifida
Condition
Spina bifida occurs when the brain, spinal cord, or the membranes that cover them (meninges) do not completely develop.
Spinal Cord Injury
Condition
A spinal cord injury is any damage to the spinal cord that is caused by trauma, rather than a birth defect or medical condition.
Spinal Fracture
Condition
A spinal cord fracture is a break to the cervical, thoracic, and/or lumbar vertebrae.
Spinal Fusion Surgery
Treatment
Spinal fusion surgery is the most common surgical treatment for severe scoliosis in adolescents.
Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA)
Condition
Spinal muscular atrophy is when muscles throughout the body are weakened because nerve cells in the spinal cord and brainstem do not work properly.
Spinal Tap and Lumbar Puncture
Treatment
In a spinal tap, also known as a lumbar puncture, your child’s doctor uses a needle to access her spinal canal and the cerebrospinal fluid that’s found floating in it.
Spine Problems
Condition
Spine problems develop when normal spinal curves grow too large, or the spine curves in the wrong way, or when the vertebrae are not strong enough to support the spine, or injuries that compromise the structure of the spine.
Spleen Injuries
Condition
Spleen injuries often happen when your child hit or falls in a way that causes the left chest or upper abdomen to hit the spleen.
Splenectomy
Treatment
A splenectomy is a surgical procedure to remove your child's spleen if it's diseased or not functioning.
Splinters
Condition
Splinters are sharp slivers of wood, glass, or other debris that is lodged underneath the skin.
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Condition
Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in the lower back. If left untreated, it can progress to spondylolisthesis, where vertebra, weakened by fracture, slips out of alignment with the rest of the spine.
Sports Eye Injuries
Condition
Sports-related eye injuries often are caused by blunt trauma to the eye by an object.
Sprains and Strains
Condition
Sprains are ligament injuries resulting from wrenching or twisting a joint. Strains are injuries to a muscle or tendon.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) in Children
Condition
Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) causes a reddening and blistering of the skin that gives it a scalded or burned look.
Learn more about Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSSS) in Children
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs)
Condition
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infectious diseases spread through sexual contact.
Pediatric Stem Cell Transplantation
Treatment
A stem cell transplant (also called bone marrow transplant) is the infusion of healthy stem cells into the body to stimulate new bone marrow growth.
Serial Transverse Enteroplasty Procedure (STEP)
Treatment
The serial transverse enteroplasty procedure (STEP) lengthens the small intestine of children with short bowel syndrome.
Learn more about Serial Transverse Enteroplasty Procedure (STEP)
Stickler Syndrome
Condition
Stickler syndrome is a relatively common congenital condition that affects the formation of a connective tissue called collagen.
Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers
Condition
An ulcer is an open sore or lesion usually found on the skin or mucous membrane.
Strabismus and Amblyopia
Condition
Strabismus occurs when the eyes are not aligned properly. Amblyopia from strabismus occurs when vision does not develop normally during childhood because the eyes are not aligned.
Stress Fractures
Condition
A stress fracture is a tiny crack that forms in the bone, usually as a result of overuse or repetitive, stress-bearing motions.
Stridor
Condition
Stridor is a high-pitched sound that is usually heard best when your child breathes in (known as “inspiration”). It’s usually caused by an obstruction or narrowing in your child's upper airway.
Stroke in Children
Condition
Stroke is a general term that is used to describe an injury to the brain caused by either bleeding (referred to as hemorrhagic stroke) or a lack of oxygen due to vessel obstruction (referred to as ischemic stroke).
Sturge-Weber Syndrome
Condition
Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS) is a rare neurological condition that is present at birth and is not hereditary.
Stuttering
Condition
Stuttering is a speech disorder in which the flow of speech is disrupted by repeated sounds, prolonged sounds, and blocks.
Stye (Hordeolum)
Condition
A stye, or hordeolum, is an inflammation of part of the eyelash.
Subglottic Hemangioma
Condition
A subglottic hemangioma is a large mass of blood vessels in the airway, typically below the vocal chords.
Subglottic Stenosis
Condition
Subglottic stenosis is a narrowing of the airway below the vocal cords and above the trachea.
Substance Use Disorders
Condition
Substance use disorders cause physical, mental health, and/or functional problems.
Subtalar Extra-articular Screw Arthroereisis (SESA)
Treatment
Subtalar extra-articular screw arthroereisis (SESA) is a minimally invasive surgical procedure for flexible flatfoot being investigated at Boston Children’s.
Learn more about Subtalar Extra-articular Screw Arthroereisis (SESA)
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
Condition
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is usually associated with sleep and often occurs while a baby is sleeping in a crib.
Sweat Testing
Treatment
A sweat test, also called a sweat chloride test, is used to diagnose cystic fibrosis (CF).
Swimmer's Ear (Otitis Externa)
Condition
Otitis externa, or swimmer's ear, is the inflammation of the external ear canal caused by fungi or bacteria.
Symbrachydactyly
Condition
Symbrachydactyly is a condition of short fingers that may be webbed or joined.
Syncope
Condition
Syncope is the medical term for fainting. It’s a temporary loss of consciousness that occurs when not enough blood goes to the brain.
Syndactyly
Condition
Syndactyly is a condition in which children are born with fused or webbed fingers.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
Condition
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) occurs when excessive levels of antidiuretic hormones are produced.
Learn more about Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
Synovial Sarcoma
Condition
Synovial sarcoma is a malignant tumor of the soft tissues, usually around joints.
Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases (SAIDs)
Condition
Systemic autoinflammatory diseases (SAIDs), sometimes called periodic fever syndromes, are a group of conditions that result from an inappropriate inflammatory response by the body.
Tarsal Coalition
Condition
A tarsal coalition is an abnormal connection between two or more of the tarsal bones.
Tectal Gliomas
Condition
A tectal glioma is a low-grade, slow-growing brain tumor in the tectum, the roof of the brain stem.
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders (TMD)
Condition
Temporomandibular Joint Dysfunction (TMD)
Condition
Temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD) is when the temporomandibular joint is overexerted.
Tennis Elbow
Condition
Tennis elbow is an injury to the tendons attaching the forearm muscles to the outer part of the elbow.
Teratoma
Condition
A teratoma is a congenital (present prior to birth) tumor formed by different types of tissue.
Testicular Torsion
Condition
Testicular torsion, sometimes referred to as torsion of the spermatic cord, is a twisting of the spermatic cord that cuts off the blood supply to the testicle.
Testicular Tumors
Condition
A testicular tumor is a growth on the testicles.
Tetanus
Condition
Tetanus is an acute, sometimes fatal, disease of the central nervous system, caused by the toxin of the tetanus bacterium.
Tethered Spinal Cord
Condition
A tethered spinal cord occurs when the spinal cord is attached to tissue around the spine, most commonly at the base.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is a serious congenital heart defect where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with Pulmonary Atresia
Condition
Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia is a more severe form of TOF, where the heart’s anatomy prevents enough oxygen-poor (blue) blood from flowing to the lungs to receive oxygen.
Learn more about Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with Pulmonary Atresia
Thalamic Astrocytoma and Hypothalamic Astrocytoma
Condition
Thalamic and hypothalamic astrocytomas are tumors that develop in the brain’s glial or supportive tissues.
Learn more about Thalamic Astrocytoma and Hypothalamic Astrocytoma
Thalassemia
Condition
Thalassemia is an inherited blood disorder that causes the body to produce less hemoglobin than normal.
Third-Degree Burn
Condition
A third-degree burn destroys the outer layer of skin (epidermis) and the entire layer beneath (or dermis).
Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome
Condition
Thoracic insufficiency syndrome is a chest wall deformity that interferes with lung function and development.
Thrombocytopenia
Condition
Thrombocytopenia is a condition in which there are too few platelets, the blood cells that prevent bleeding.
Thrombosis (Blood Clots)
Condition
Thrombosis is a blood clot that develops within veins or arteries in the body.
Thrush Candidiasis and Yeast Infections
Condition
Thrush candidiasis is an infection in the mouth caused by yeast on the skin and/or mucous membranes.
Thumb Duplication (Pre-Axial Polydactyly)
Condition
Children with thumb duplication have two thumbs on one hand.
Thumb Hypoplasia and Aplasia
Condition
Thumb hypoplasia means that your child’s thumb is unusually small or underdeveloped. Thumb aplasia means that your child’s thumb is missing altogether.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst
Condition
A thyroglossal duct cyst is a mass or lump in the front part of neck that is filled with fluid.
Thyroid Cancer in Children
Condition
Pediatric thyroid cancer (also called thyroid carcinoma) occurs when cells in the thyroid gland become abnormal and grow out of control.
Thyroid Nodules
Condition
A thyroid nodule is a lump that forms within the thyroid gland.
Thyroid Scan (Thyroid Scintigraphy)
Treatment
A thyroid scan (thyroid scintigraphy) is a diagnostic nuclear medicine test that provides information about the structure and function of the thyroid.
Thyroidectomy
Treatment
A thyroidectomy is the surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid gland.
Tibial Torsion
Condition
Tibial torsion is the twisting of a child’s shinbone (tibia).
Tick Bites
Condition
Ticks are small insects that attach their bodies onto a human or animal host. Bites often occur at night and occur more in the spring and summer months.
Tics and Tourette Syndrome
Condition
Tourette syndrome is a neurological disorder characterized by multiple repeated, unintentional tics.
Tinea Versicolor
Condition
Tinea versicolor is a common fungal skin infection characterized by lighter or darker patches on the skin.
Toileting Issues
Condition
Toileting difficulties include inability/refusal to toilet train, constipation, encopresis, daytime wetting, and bedwetting.
Tommy John Surgery
Treatment
Tommy John surgery involves reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow.
Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy
Treatment
A tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy is a procedure where large, inflamed tonsils and adenoids are removed from a patient.
Toothache (Pulpitis)
Condition
Toothaches are caused by an inflammation of the pulp inside the tooth.
TORCH
Condition
TORCH is an acronym for a group of diseases that cause congenital (present at birth) conditions if a fetus is exposed to them in the uterus.
Torn Meniscus
Condition
A torn meniscus can happen during any activity in which the knee is compressed or forcefully twisted or rotated.
Torsion of the Appendix Testis
Condition
Torsion of the appendix testis is a twisting of a vestigial appendage that is located along the testicle.
Torticollis
Condition
Torticollis, or wryneck, is a twisted neck. It’s relatively common in children.
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)
Condition
Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is the compression of nerves and blood vessels in the upper chest that travel to the arms through the thoracic outlet.
Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Condition
TAPVR occurs when the blood vessels that drain the lungs (pulmonary veins) are not connected normally to the heart.
Learn more about Total Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Return (TAPVR)
Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis
Condition
Toxic epidermal necrolysis is a life-threatening skin disorder characterized by a blistering and peeling of the skin.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
Condition
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare but life-threatening complication of bacterial infection or colonization.
Toxoplasmosis
Condition
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a parasite, and it's usually acquired by the parasite getting into the body by the mouth.
Tracheal Diverticulum
Condition
A tracheal diverticulum is a pouch in the trachea (windpipe).
Tracheal Stenosis
Condition
Tracheal stenosis is a constriction or narrowing of the cartilage that supports the windpipe (trachea).
Tracheoesophageal Fistula
Condition
A tracheoesophageal fistula is when there is an abnormal connection between the esophagus and the trachea.
Tracheomalacia
Condition
Tracheomalacia is the collapse of the airway when breathing.
Transesophageal Echocardiography
Treatment
Transesophageal echocardiography uses a small ultrasound probe placed into a child’s esophagus to closely evaluate the heart and blood vessels within the chest.
Transient Ischemic Attack
Condition
Transient ischemic attacks are temporary deficits in neurologic function caused by a brief interruption of blood flow to part of the brain.
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN)
Condition
Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is a term for a mild respiratory problem of babies that begins after birth and lasts about three days. TTN is also known as "wet lungs."
Transnasal Endoscopy (TNE)
Treatment
A transnasal endoscopy is a minimally invasive procedure used to examine the upper digestive tract.
Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA)
Condition
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) is when the “great” arteries, the aorta and the right ventricle, are reversed in their origins from the heart.
Transverse Vaginal Septum
Condition
A transverse vaginal septum is a horizontal so-called wall of tissue that has formed during embryologic development and essentially creates a blockage of the vagina.
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Condition
Treacher Collins syndrome is a genetic birth disorder characterized by the premature joining of certain bones of the skull during development.
Tree Nut Allergies
Condition
A tree nut allergy is an abnormal response of the body to the proteins found in tree nuts.
Trichohepatoenteric Syndrome (THE)
Condition
Trichohepatoenteric syndrome is an extremely rare genetic condition that affects a child’s hair, liver, and intestines.
Tricuspid Atresia
Condition
In tricuspid atresia, the tricuspid valve — which is normally located between the right atrium and the right ventricle — is missing, as is the right ventricle.
Tricuspid Valve Disease
Condition
Tricuspid valve disease impedes the circulation process.
Trigger Thumb
Condition
Trigger thumb refers to a thumb that catches, locks, or gets stuck in a flexed position.
Trisomies and Monosomies
Condition
A trisomy and a monosomy are types of numerical chromosome abnormalities that can cause certain birth defects.
Trisomy 18 and 13
Condition
Trisomy 18 and trisomy 13 are fatal genetic birth disorders.
Truncal Valve Disease
Condition
Truncal valve disease is when a child has only one main blood vessel attached to the heart, instead of two.
Truncus Arteriosus
Condition
Truncus arteriosus is a heart defect in which a single artery instead of two (truncus arteriosus) carries blood from the heart.
TTC7A Deficiency
Condition
TTC7A deficiency is a rare genetic disease that causes diarrhea, inflammation of the intestines, bowel obstructions, immune dysfunction, and an inability to absorb nutrients.
Tuberculosis (TB)
Condition
Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial infection that usually infects the lungs, although other parts of the body are sometimes involved.
Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)
Condition
Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic condition that causes tumors to grow in many different organs of the body.
Tufted Angioma
Condition
Tufted angioma is a benign (non-cancerous) vascular tumor and mild variant of Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE).
Tufting Enteropathy
Condition
Tufting enteropathy is a rare genetic disease of the intestine that causes severe diarrhea and an inability to absorb nutrients.
Tumors of the Pancreas
Condition
Tumors of the pancreas can develop from the pancreas’ exocrine cells, which make enzymes to aid in digestion, or endocrine cells, which produce hormones such as insulin and glucagon that control blood sugar levels.
Turner Syndrome
Condition
Turner syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects females who have a missing or incomplete X chromosome.
Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence (TAPS)
Condition
Twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) is when one twin (the donor twin) pumps too much blood to the other (the recipient twin).
Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion (TRAP)
Condition
Twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) occurs in identical twin pregnancies when one twin has an absent or non-functioning heart and receives all of its blood from the normally functioning and developing pump twin.
Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome (TTTS)
Condition
Twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) is a problem where one fetus — the donor twin — pumps blood to the other fetus — the recipient twin.
Type 1 Diabetes
Condition
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the immune system does not recognize the cells in the pancreas that make insulin (beta cells), and attacks and destroys these cells.
Type 2 Diabetes
Condition
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that develops when the body cannot properly use or produce enough insulin.
Types of Casts
Treatment
Different types of casts are used depending on the injury a child suffers.
Ulcerative Colitis
Condition
Ulcerative colitis is a type of inflammatory bowel disease in which the inner lining of the large intestine (colon) and rectum become inflamed.
Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency (Ulnar Club Hand)
Condition
Children with ulnar longitudinal deficiency are born with their wrist in a fixed, bent position toward the little finger side of the hand.
Learn more about Ulnar Longitudinal Deficiency (Ulnar Club Hand)
Ultrasound Examinations & Preparations
Treatment
Ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves and their echoes to make cross-sectional images of the inside of your child's body.
Umbilical Hernia
Condition
An umbilical hernia is an opening in the abdominal wall around the belly button (umbilicus).
Undescended Testicles (Cryptorchidism)
Condition
Undescended testicles is when one or both of a baby's testicles (testes) have not moved into the proper position. One to 2 percent of male infants are affected.
Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver (UESL)
Condition
Undifferentiated embryonal sarcoma of the liver (UESL) is a rare form of liver cancer that occurs mainly in children.
Learn more about Undifferentiated Embryonal Sarcoma of the Liver (UESL)
Unicameral Bone Cyst
Condition
A unicameral (simple) bone cyst is a fluid-filled cavity in the bone, lined by compressed fibrous tissue.
Unicornuate Uterus
Condition
A unicornuate uterus is a single-horned uterus.
Upper GI Series
Treatment
An upper GI series uses special x-ray technology to show the structure of your child's esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
Ureteral Surgery
Treatment
Ureteral surgery is performed to correct problems that cause urine to get backed up in the ureter and sometimes flow backward.
Ureterocele
Condition
Ureteroceles are birth defects that occur in approximately 1 out of every 2,000 babies.
Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ) Obstruction
Condition
A UPJ obstruction occurs when a blockage between your child’s kidney and ureter impedes the flow of urine.
Urinary Retention and Straining
Condition
Urinary retention is the inability to fully empty the bladder for longer than 12 hours.
Urodynamics Testing
Treatment
The urodynamics study is a test used to assess how well your child's bladder and urethral sphincter are doing their jobs of collecting, holding, and releasing urine.
Urologic Tumors
Condition
Urologic tumors are tumors that occur in a child's urinary tract.
Urticaria (Hives)
Condition
Urticaria, also known as hives, is a condition in which red, itchy, and swollen areas appear on your child's skin.
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children and Babies
Condition
A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a bacterial infection in the urinary tract that can cause discomfort and complications in your child.
Learn more about Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in Children and Babies
Vaginal Agenesis
Condition
Vaginal agenesis is when a baby's reproductive system may not finish developing in the mother's uterus, meaning she may be born without a vagina.
Vaginitis
Condition
Vaginitis refers to any inflammation or infection of the vagina.
Vaping
Condition
Vaping is the term used to describe smoking electronic cigarettes.
Varicocele
Condition
A varicocele is mass of enlarged and swollen veins in the testicle that essentially feels like a bag of worms. The condition usually develops at puberty, but can occur earlier and is generally neither harmful nor painful.
Vasa Previa
Condition
Vasa previa is an uncommon pregnancy complication where unprotected blood vessels from the placenta pass over or near the cervix.
Vascular Malformations, Tumors, and Hemangiomas
Condition
Vascular malformations are benign (non-cancerous) lesions that are present at birth, but may not become visible until weeks or months later.
Learn more about Vascular Malformations, Tumors, and Hemangiomas
Vascular Ring
Condition
A vascular ring occurs when a child’s aorta — the body’s largest blood vessel — or its branches form abnormally.
Vasculitis
Condition
Vasculitis, also called angiitis or arteritis, is an umbrella term for more than a dozen conditions, all of which involve inflammation of the blood vessels.
Vein of Galen Malformation (VOGM)
Condition
A vein of Galen malformation (VOGM) is a type of rare blood vessel abnormality inside the brain.
Venography
Treatment
A venogram is a diagnostic procedure that uses x-ray to take pictures of the veins (blood vessels) in a specific part of the body.
Venous Malformation
Condition
A venous malformation (VM) is a bluish lesion caused by widened, abnormally shaped veins.
Ventilation/Perfusion Scan
Treatment
A ventilation/perfusion scan is a nuclear medicine test that is used to check airflow and blood flow to your child's lungs.
Ventriculomegaly
Condition
Ventriculomegaly is a condition in which the ventricles appear larger than normal on a prenatal ultrasound.
Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT)
Treatment
Vertebral body tethering (VBT) is a non-fusion surgical treatment for scoliosis.
Vertical/Complete Vaginal Septum
Condition
A vertical or complete vaginal septum is when a wall of tissue runs down the length of the vaginal canal, partitioning the space into two vaginas.
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Condition
Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) is the result of abnormal formation of the normal valve between the kidney and bladder.
Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery
Treatment
Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery is a minimally invasive procedure used to repair patent ductus arteriosus.
Vision Problems
Condition
There are two types of eye disorders that can affect your child’s vision: refractive errors and non-refractive errors.
Vision Therapy
Treatment
Vision therapy is a series of exercises aimed at helping children whose eyes don’t work together properly.
Vitiligo in Children
Condition
Vitiligo is a disease in which patients lose color (otherwise known as pigment) on certain areas of their skin.
Vitiligo in Children
Treatment
Vitiligo is a disease in which patients lose color (otherwise known as pigment) on certain areas of their skin.
Voice Training
Treatment
Voice training is when patients who are transitioning work to modify the way they speak to better align with their gender.
Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Treatment
A voiding cystourethrogram is a special X-ray used to visualize your child's urinary tract and bladder.
Voiding Dysfunction
Condition
Voiding dysfunction means that your child is unable to completely empty her bladder.
Voiding Improvement
Treatment
Voiding improvement aims to assist children who have not achieved full continence, for a number of reasons.
Volvulus
Condition
Intestinal malrotation is when the intestines don't form properly and fail to make the turns in the abdomen that they should. One serious complication, volvulus, occurs when the intestine twists on itself, cutting off its blood supply.
Von Willebrand Disease
Condition
Von Willebrand Disease (VWD) is an inherited bleeding disorder caused by an abnormal blood-clotting protein.
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Condition
A ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall that separates the lower right and left heart chambers (ventricles).
Vulvitis
Condition
Vulvitis is an itchy inflammation of the vulva, the soft folds of skin outside the vagina.
Walking (Gait) Abnormalities
Condition
A gait abnormality is an unusual walking pattern.
Warts
Condition
Warts are non-cancerous skin growths caused by the papillomavirus that can appear in different parts of the body.
Weight Management Medication for Children
Treatment
Weight management medications, along with other treatment options, can help manage obesity.
West Nile Virus
Condition
West Nile virus (WNV) is a seasonal epidemic in North America that’s most often spread by mosquito bites.
White Blood Cell Disorders
Condition
White blood cell disorders can cause bone marrow to produce too many or too few white blood cells, or to produce white blood cells that do not function as they should.
Whooping Cough (Pertussis)
Condition
Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a cough that ends with the characteristic whoop as air is inhaled.
Williams Syndrome
Condition
Williams syndrome is a rare developmental disorder that can affect many parts of the body, including the heart and blood vessels.
Wilms Tumor
Condition
Wilms tumor is a cancerous tumor in the cells of the kidney.
Wilson Disease
Condition
Wilson disease is a rare inherited disorder that can cause liver damage and other life-threatening conditions.
Wisdom Teeth Extraction
Treatment
Wisdom teeth are extracted because other teeth will have no room in the mouth to grow.
Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
Condition
Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome is a rare genetic immunodeficiency that keeps a child's immune system from functioning properly.
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
Condition
X-linked agammaglobulinemia is caused by a gene located on the X chromosome that makes your child unable to produce antibodies.
X-linked Myotubular Myopathy
Condition
X-linked myotubular myopathy is caused by a genetic mutation on the X chromosome, and it causes muscle weakness.
X-ray
Treatment
Conventional diagnostic radiology (or x-ray) provides a picture of the inside of your child’s body.
Zolgensma
Treatment
Zolgensma® (onasemnogene abeparvovec-xioi) is a gene therapy for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) in children under 2.
ZYNTEGLO™ (Betibeglogene Autotemcel)
Treatment
ZYNTEGLO™, also called beti-cel (betibeglogene autotemcel), is a gene therapy for children and adults with beta-thalassemia who require regular transfusions of red blood cells.