Potential EEG Biomarkers and Antiepileptogenic Strategies for Epilepsy in TSC

Current therapeutic approaches for epilepsy primarily represent symptomatic treatments that suppress seizures, but have not been demonstrated to prevent epilepsy or modify disease progression. In recent years, there have been tremendous interest and effort by basic scientists and clinicians in epilepsy in developing disease-modifying or "antiepileptogenic" therapies. However, these efforts are hindered by a couple significant limitations: 1) difficulty in identifying an appropriate high-risk patient population in which a preventative approach is feasible and justifiable, and 2) lack of appropriate drug targets with antiepileptogenic properties. Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC) is one of the most common genetic causes of epilepsy and a subset of TSC patients may represent a rational, feasible population to target with an antiepileptogenic approach for several reasons. First of all, some patients are diagnosed with TSC at a young age before the onset of epilepsy due to non-neurological findings - thus, it is feasible to identify these patients and initiate a potential antiepileptogenic treatment at an early stage of epileptogenesis. Second, these patients are at high risk for developing epilepsy (~80%) in the future, including infantile spasms (~35%), a particularly devastating type of childhood epilepsy with a poor prognosis - thus, initiating a therapy with potential side effects in a pre-symptomatic stage can likely be justified in TSC patients. Finally, the identification of the mTOR pathway in the pathophysiology of TSC suggests that mTOR inhibitors could have antiepileptogenic properties in TSC, as already supported by pre-clinical animal studies - thus, a rational mechanistically-based treatment potentially already exists and can be readily tested in TSC patients. However, there may be significant risks and side effects of mTOR inhibitors, especially during early childhood, such as chronic immunosuppression and theoretical effects on learning, growth, and development. Thus, before initiating an antiepileptogenic drug trial in TSC patients, it would be beneficial to obtain further evidence to optimize the selection criteria and treatment paradigms to maximize efficacy and minimize side effects of mTOR inhibitors. The aim of this clinical trial is to determine whether EEGs during infancy is a reliable biomarker to identify TSC patients that will develop infantile spasms/epilepsy in the near future and thus are appropriate candidates for an antiepileptogenic drug trial.