Chronic pain is a disorder of the nervous system that typically persists for months. It doesn’t always mean there is injury or damage in the body, which is why it may be referred to as a “false alarm.” In response to this false alarm, the brain often still wants to protect the painful body part, as it does with acute pain. Over time, this can lead to muscle weakness, joint stiffness, fatigue and eventually disability.
All pain is a physical (“biological”), emotional/cognitive/behavioral (“psychological”), and social experience; it is therefore a “biopsychosocial” experience. Biology, like sex, age, genetics, other illnesses, and previous injuries or painful experiences can affect the pain experience. Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors can affect both acute and chronic pain. Many aspects of social life can also affect the pain experience.
Children and adolescents with chronic pain often miss school on a regular basis, stop spending time with their friends, and have visited multiple medical providers, often without benefiting from treatment. This is, in part, because typical interventions used to treat acute pain (such as rest, ice, and decreasing activity) are not helpful in treating chronic pain, and can sometimes further delay recovery the longer they are used. Instead, chronic pain responds best to an active management approach.