Conditions & Treatments

Abdominal pain is discomfort or pain located anywhere between the chest and the pelvis.

An abrasion is a superficial rub or wearing off of the skin, usually caused by a scrape or a brush burn.

AC joint injuries are common sources of shoulder pain caused by fracture, displacement, or arthritis.

Esophageal achalasia is a rare disorder of the esophagus that makes swallowing difficult.

An Achilles tendon injury is damage to the band of tissue that attaches the calf muscle to the heel bone.

Achondroplasia is a genetic bone disorder, affecting one in 20,000 babies. It is the most common type of dwarfism.

Acne is a chronic disorder of the hair follicles and sebaceous glands located in the middle layer of the skin.

Acne peels contain a liquid solution of either mandelic, glycolic, or salicylic acid that causes cell turnover to improve skin texture and pigmentation.

Acupuncture refers to the insertion of tiny, hair-thin needles into the skin at strategic points to ease pain and treat many illnesses.

Acute bronchitis is an inflammation of the mucous membranes of your child's bronchial tubes.

Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) involves a brief but intense attack of inflammation (swelling) in the brain and spinal cord that damages the brain's myelin.

Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a neurologic condition that can cause muscle weakness and possible paralysis.

Acute kidney injury is when a child’s kidneys suddenly stop working from an infections, disruption of blood flow, surgery, or exposure to medications.

In the form of leukemia known as acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), a group of white blood cells called lymphocytes is affected.

Acute myeloid leukemia, or AML, is a quickly progressing type of blood cancer.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy (ANE) is a rare but serious condition that causes brain damage following a viral infection, most often influenza (the flu).

Acute transverse myelitis (ATM) involves a brief, intense attack of swelling in the spinal cord that damages myelin.

Adamantinomas are slow-growing cancerous bone tumors that form primarily in the tibia (shin bone) but occasionally in the jaw, forearm, hands, or feet.

Addison’s disease is a rare disease in which the adrenal glands aren’t functioning properly, causing a hormonal disorder.

Adenoviruses are a group of viruses that cause respiratory (breathing) illnesses.

An adjustment disorder is defined as an emotional or behavioral reaction to an identifiable stressful event or change in a person's life.

Adrenal tumors are masses that grow in the adrenal gland, the organ responsible for producing hormones in response to physical and emotional stress.

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare cancer that forms in the outer layer of the adrenal glands.

Adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a rare genetic condition that causes the buildup of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) in the brain.

Advanced endoscopic approaches treat problems such as esophageal strictures, leaks, and perforations.

Airway obstruction, also known as foreign body airway obstruction, happens when a small item gets stuck in a child’s throat or upper airway and makes it hard for the child...

Alagille syndrome causes progressive destruction of the bile ducts.

Allergic colitis is a condition in which your baby’s immune system overreacts to the proteins found in cow’s milk.

Allergic contact dermatitis is a skin rash caused by exposure to a particular chemical or ingredient.

Allergic rhinitis is a reaction that occurs when your child breathes in something they are allergic to.

Allergies are an overreaction of the immune system. They happen when the immune system fights harmless foreign substances called allergens.

Allergy immunotherapy increases your child's resistance to specific allergens by introducing small doses of each allergen into his or her bloodstream.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is the lack of a protein made by the liver that’s released into the bloodstream.

Alpha-mannosidosis is a condition characterized by an inability to break down complex sugars in the body’s cells.

Alveolar soft part sarcoma (ASPS) is a malignant soft tissue tumor.

Amenorrhea is the absence of menstrual periods.

Amniotic band syndrome (constriction ring syndrome) happens when fibrous bands of the amniotic sac get tangled around a developing fetus.

Also called anaphylactic shock, anaphylaxis is a dangerous reaction to an allergen.

Anaplastic astrocytomas are brain tumors that arise from brain cells called astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell.

Androgen insensitivity is a rare genetic condition that blocks the body from using male hormones during fetal growth and after birth.

One of the most common pediatric blood disorders, anemia has many potential causes.

Anencephaly is a condition present at birth that affects the formation of a baby's brain and the skull bones that surround the head.

Aneurysmal bone cysts are blood-filled, fibrous cysts that expand the bone and can cause pain, swelling, and fractures.

Angelman syndrome is a complex genetic disorder that causes developmental and neurological problems.

Angiofibroma is a relatively rare tumor that grows in the back of the nasal cavity. It occurs almost exclusively in adolescent boys.

An angiogram is a minimally invasive test that maps the arterior veins in a part of your child's body.

Angioplasty is a minimally invasive interventional radiology procedure in which imaging technologies are used to guide a catheter into an artery or vein.

Angiosarcoma is a type of cancer that begins in the cells that line the blood vessels or lymph vessels.

Children who are allergic to animals are reacting to animal proteins found in dander, saliva, and urine.

An ankle sprain is a stretch injury of the ligaments that support the ankle.

Anomalous aortic origin of the coronary artery (AAOCA) is a rare congenital heart condition.

Anomalous left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a congenital heart defect in which the left coronary artery arises abnormally from the pulmonary artery.

Anorectal malformations are birth defects in which the anus and rectum don’t develop properly.

Anorectal manometry helps find the cause of constipation, stool accidents, or other bowel problems.

An ACL injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament tears, often as a result of cutting and pivoting during sports.

Anterior cutaneous nerve entrapment syndrome (ACNES) occurs when nerves within the abdominal wall become pinched or entrapped within the abdominal wall muscle.

Antibiotic testing helps us to determine if your child is allergic to some antibiotics.

Antroduodenal manometry helps to find the cause of vomiting, feeding difficulties, and other bowel problems.

Anxiety disorders are concerning when anxiety no longer protects the child, and instead gets in the way of their ability to function in a healthy way.

Aortic valve disease disrupts this intricate blood flow process, and can cause fatigue, shortness of breath, and potentially heart failure.

Aortic valve stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve that can stop blood from flowing properly out of the heart.

An aortopulmonary window is a hole between two of the major blood vessels in the heart.

AP-4-associated hereditary spastic paraplegia (AP-4-HSP) is a group of slowly progressing neurodegenerative disorders.

Apert syndrome is a genetic disorder that causes fusion of skull, hands, and feet bones.

A síndrome de Apert, também chamada de acrocefalossindactilia, é uma doença genética que causa a fusão dos ossos do crânio, das mãos e dos pés.

Aplastic anemia occurs when the bone marrow produces too few cells.

Apnea of prematurity refers to what happens when a child doesn’t breathe for more than 20 seconds.

Appendicitis is a painful swelling and infection of the appendix.

Arachnoid cysts are sacs filled with spinal fluid that grow in between the brain or spinal cord and the arachnoid membrane that covers them.

Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare, inherited disorder that affects the nervous system and can cause a variety of neurological symptoms.

An arrhythmia is an abnormal rhythm of the heart, which can cause the heart to pump less effectively.

Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy is a condition when heart rhythm disturbances precede the classical changes in the heart muscle seen in cardiomyopathy.

An arterial dissection is a tear along the inside lining of an artery and can occur in a child's head, neck, or spine.

An arterial ischemic stroke (AIS) is an injury to the brain or spinal cord caused by a lack of oxygen to the area affected.

Arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) are rare abnormalities in which arteries connect directly with veins, bypassing the capillaries. They can occur anywhere in the body.

An arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is a tangle of arteries and veins in the brain that disrupt the normal flow of blood.

Arthrogryposis is a term used to describe conditions characterized by stiff joints and abnormally developed muscles.

Articular cartilage injuries can occur as a result of either traumatic mechanical destruction or progressive mechanical degeneration (wear and tear).

Your child may aspirate when problems with swallowing causes liquids or food to enter your child’s lungs

Asthma is a chronic condition that causes the airways in the lungs to narrow and swell, making it difficult to breath.

Astigmatism is a common condition that causes blurry vision.

Astigmatism, hyperopia (farsightedness), and myopia are refractive errors of the eye seen in 20 percent of children.

Astrocytomas are tumors that arise in the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls balance and coordination.

Atlantoaxial instability is a condition of too much mobility in the neck that can lead to spinal cord compression.

Atrial fibrillation (AFib) is an irregular, rapid heartbeat that can cause unpleasant symptoms and potentially lead to heart failure.

An atrial septal defect (ASD) is a hole in the heart wall that separates the top two chambers of the heart.

An atrioventricular canal defect, or AV canal, is a combination of several closely associated heart problems that result in a large defect in the center of the heart.

An atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (ATRT) is a very rare, aggressive tumor of the central nervous system.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common neurodevelopmental issue where people have trouble paying attention and controlling impulses.

An audiogram is basically a picture of your child's hearing.

An auditory brainstem response evaluation sees how well sounds travel along your child's hearing nerve pathways from the ear to the brainstem.

An auditory processing disorder is when children with normal hearing have difficulty detecting and analyzing small differences in voice pitch, loudness, and duration.

Autism spectrum disorder is a neurodevelopmental condition that affects the way your child develops and behaves.

Autoimmune disease is when the immune system mistakenly begins attacking healthy cells and tissues.

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a rare disorder that occurs when a person’s own red blood cells burst.

Autoimmune hepatitis is a condition in which the immune system attacks the liver. Without prompt treatment, the condition and can lead to long-term liver damage, including cirrhosis and liver failure.

Avulsion fractures happen when a bone fragment separates from the rest of the bone.

A baclofen pump is a machine that is placed under the skin of one side of the abdomen used to deliver baclofen (muscle relaxer) directly into the spinal canal.

Bacterial endocarditis is an infection of the lining of the heart.

Meningitis is an infection that causes inflammation of the three thin layers of tissue that cover the brain and spinal cord. Bacterial meningitis is the more dangerous form of meningitis.

Barrett's esophagus is a precancerous condition that results from chronic inflammation.

Barth syndrome is metabolic disorder that affects the heart, muscles, immune system, and growth. It almost always occurs in boys.

Basilar invagination is a rare condition in which the top of the spine compresses the brain stem.

Batten disease is a very rare genetic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system.

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome is a genetic disorder that can cause an overgrowth of particular body parts.

Nocturnal enuresis, better known as bedwetting, occurs when a sleeping child cannot hold his or her urine at night.

Bee stings often happen during warm weather and around greenery.

Benign skin growths are non-cancerous bumps, spots, and lumps on the skin.

Beta-mannosidosis is a very rare genetic condition that affects the way certain types of sugar molecules are processed by the body.

Biliary atresia occurs when the common bile duct is blocked or damaged, so that it's impossible for bile to flow through it.

Biliary reconstruction describes surgical procedures to replace portions of your child's biliary system that are missing at birth or damaged due to illness.

Binder syndrome is a congenital condition that causes an underdeveloped midface and nose.

Biochemical genetic testing involves the study of enzymes in the body that may be abnormal in some way.

Bipolar disorder is a chronic (long-lasting), intermittent (comes and goes) mental health condition that affects people of all ages.

A birth defect is a health problem or a physical abnormality.

Birthmarks are areas of discolored and/or raised skin that are apparent at birth or shortly thereafter.

Bladder augmentation is a complex reconstructive surgical procedure to increase the size of the organ and to improve its ability to stretch.

Bladder exstrophy is a rare birth defect involving the urinary, reproductive, and intestinal tracts, as well as the musculoskeletal system.

Bladder neck reconstruction is one surgical option used to help with urinary incontinence.

A blended diet is made from table food that is put in a blender, turned into a puree and fed to your child through a feeding tube.

Blepharitis is a chronic condition that causes swelling and irritation of the eyelid.

A blocked tear duct can be a relatively common ailment that affects as many as 6 percent of newborns.

A blood transfusion is the process of transferring blood or one of its components from one person to another.

Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome (BRBNS) is a rare congenital vascular anomaly in which malformed veins (blebs) appear on the skin and surfaces of internal organs.

A bone scan is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses a radioactive substance to visualize the bones.

Bone tumors and bone cysts are types of abnormal growth within a bone. Most are benign (noncancerous).

Bone-anchored hearing systems (BAHS) are devices used to treat ear conditions that interfere with hearing.

Bowlegs (genu varum) is a condition in which a child’s legs curve outward at the knees.

Brachial plexus birth injury is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs during childbirth.

A brain abscess is a brain infection that may cause problems with a child's brain and spinal cord function.

A brain aneurysm is a weak point in a blood vessel within the brain.

A brain PET/CT scan is a safe, effective, and non-invasive diagnostic imaging technique that provides highly detailed images of the brain.

A brain scan is a diagnostic imaging technique that provides images of blood flow in the brain. It can detect changes in blood flow within the brain that cannot be...

Childhood brain tumors can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous), but both types can be life-threatening.

Branchial cleft cysts and sinus tracts are a mass of abnormally formed tissues within the head and neck.

The BRAVO pH test measures acidity in the esophagus and helps diagnose gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

Breast disorders are changes that can occur in teens.

A broken ankle typically involves one or both of the long bones of the leg, the tibia and the fibula.

A broken arm is a crack or break in one or more of the bones in arm. They are often caused by impact injuries.

A broken elbow is a break, at or near the elbow joint, in one or more of the three arm bones that form that joint.

A broken femur is a fracture of the thighbone.

A broken forearm is a break in one (or both) of the bones of the forearm: the radius and/or ulna.

A broken hand is when one or more bones in a child’s hand breaks.

A broken leg is a break or crack of one long bones of the leg.

A broken tibia-fibula is a fracture of one or both of the long bones in the lower leg.

A broken wrist is a break of one or more of the bones that make up the wrist: the radius, ulna, and carpal bones.

Bronchiolitis is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that usually affects infants.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a long-term respiratory problem faced by babies born prematurely.

Bronchoscopy is a procedure that allows your doctor to examine your child’s throat, larynx, trachea, and lower airways through a tool called a bronchoscope.

A bruise is a collection of blood underneath the skin that is caused by trauma to an area of the body.

Bullying is any kind of physical or verbal abuse of a child. It can have long-lasting effects on both the victim and the bully.

A bunion is a bump that occurs at the base of the big toe.

Burkitt lymphoma (aka small noncleaved cell lymphoma) is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic system.

Bursitis happens when one or more bursae become irritated and swollen, usually through overuse or injury.

C3 glomerulopathy is a rare kidney disease associated with C3, an important immune system protein in the blood.

Camptodactyly is a condition in which a bent finger cannot completely straighten.

Canker sores (aphthous stomatitis) is an illness that causes small ulcers to appear in the mouth, usually inside the lips, on the cheeks, or on the tongue.

A capillary malformation, or port-wine birthmark, is a kind of birthmark.

Carbon monoxide poisoning happens because of excess exposure to carbon monoxide (CO), a poisonous, colorless, tasteless, odorless gas that is produced from the incomplete burning of fuels that contain carbon.

Carcinoid tumors are a type of neuroendocrine tumor that can develop in the appendix, gastrointestinal tract, or lungs.

Cardiac catheterization is a specialized procedure in which a long, flexible tube — a catheter — is inserted into a vein or artery and guided into the heart.

A cardiac CT (computed tomography) scan is a test that uses x-rays to create detailed images of your child's heart and blood vessels inside the heart.

Cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects a child’s development and many different areas of the body.

Cardiomyopathy is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by an abnormally large, thick, or stiff heart muscle.

Cardiovascular genetic testing helps determine if a change in your child’s DNA explains the features of their heart anatomy or their risk for a cardiac condition seen in your family.

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses radio waves, magnets and a computer to take pictures of your child’s heart.

Carney triad is a rare condition that describes the occurrence of three kinds of endocrine tumors in the same patient.

CASGEVY (exagamglogene autotemcel) is a gene editing therapy for those 12 or up with sickle cell disease or beta thalassemia.

Cat scratch disease is caused by a bacterial infection carried in cat saliva. The bacteria are passed from a cat to a human after the cat licks its paws then...

A cataract is a cloudy area in the lens of the eye that can cause blurry vision or block vision.

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) is an inherited cardiac condition that causes sudden rhythm disturbances in otherwise healthy children.

A cavernous malformation is a small mass that is made up of abnormal, thin-walled blood vessels.

Cavities are holes in teeth.

CDKL5 disorder is a rare neurodevelopmental condition that is characterized by early onset epilepsy, low muscle tone, and developmental challenges.

Celiac disease is a lifelong intolerance to gluten.

Cellulitis is a deep bacterial infection of the skin that usually occurs after some type of trauma causes an opening in your child's skin.

Central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis is a rare type of inflammation that affects the blood vessels of the brain, spinal cord, or both.

A central venous line (CVL) catheter is inserted into a child’s body so doctors can give her fluids, nutrients, or medication over a long period of time.

Cerebral arteriopathies are disorders that affect the arteries in the brain and are associated with an increased risk of stroke.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement as a result of damage to the brain of an infant.

Cerebral proliferative angiopathy (CPA) is a rare condition where small, abnormal blood vessels grow throughout the brain and mix with normal brain tissue.

Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a rare but serious condition that is a cause of stroke in children and newborns.

A cervical teratoma is a very rare congenital tumor in the neck.

A chalazion is a persistent inflammation or swelling of the upper or lower eyelid that can also include the middle part of the eyelid.

Chemotherapy is the use of drugs to stop cancer cells from multiplying in the body.

Chest wall deformities are structural irregularities in which a child’s chest is either sunken or protruding.

Chiari malformation is an abnormality in the back of the head where the brain and spinal cord meet.

Chickenpox is a highly contagious disease characterized by little blisters all over the body.

Obesity occurs when a child is significantly over the ideal weight for her height.

A choledochal cyst is a congenital anomaly of the duct that transports bile from the liver to the gall bladder and small intestine.

Cholestasis is a problem with the flow of bile that happens when the bile ducts are blocked or the liver has a problem producing bile.

Cholesteatoma is the accumulation of skin in an abnormal location, typically behind the eardrum.

Chondroblastomas occur when chondroblasts grow out of control and cause a benign (non-cancerous) tumor.

Chondromas are benign (not cancerous) tumors made of cartilage that are found mostly in the small bones of the hand and feet.

Chondrosarcoma is a cancerous tumor that typically develops in the cartilage that coats the ends of bones and forms joints.

Chopra-Amiel-Gordon Syndrome (CAGS) is a rare genetic disorder that affects the brain, immune system, and kidneys.

A chorioangioma is a benign (noncancerous) tumor of the placenta.

Choroid plexus brain tumors develop in the tissue located in the spaces of the brain called ventricles.

Chronic fatigue syndrome is a serious, long-term illness that affects many body systems.

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is an inherited immune system disorder that occurs when a type of white blood cell does not work properly.

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction is a rare bowel disorder.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to the kidney’s progressive inability to perform its functions, regardless of the cause.

Chronic lung disease of prematurity is a long-term respiratory problem faced by babies born prematurely.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a form of leukemia that develops in the bone marrow, the soft, spongy center of long bones.

Circumcision is a surgical procedure to remove the skin covering the end of the penis, called the foreskin.

Cirrhosis is a progressive liver disease.

A clavicle fracture is a break in the bone that connects the breastbone to the shoulder blade.

Cleft foot occurs when the foot didn’t develop properly during fetal development.

Cleft hand is a rare hand condition in which the center portion of a child’s hand is underdeveloped.

Cleft lip is a visible separation in the skin of the top lip. Cleft palate is incomplete development of the soft and/or hard palate.

Clinodactyly means that your child has an abnormally bent or curved finger.

A cloacal anomaly is an anorectal malformation that occurs while a female fetus is developing in its mother's womb.

Cloacal exstrophy, also known as OEIS syndrome, occurs when a portion of the large intestine lies outside of the body.

CLOVES syndrome is a rare vascular anomaly that can affect a child's soft tissues, vessels, bones, skin, and more.

Clubfoot is a congenital foot deformity in which the foot turns down and inward.

CO2 laser treatment is a minimally invasive therapeutic approach to treat specific skin changes associated with a type of vascular anomaly called lymphatic malformations.

Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta, the main artery that delivers oxygen-rich (red) blood to the body.

Cochlear implants are an increasingly common option for managing hearing loss.

A cold is caused by a virus. More than 200 types of viruses can cause a cold.

Colic is when a child is healthy but cries or is fussy for long periods of time with no apparent reason.

Colonic manometry tests and measures pressure to assess the strength of the colon’s movements, specifically how the large intestine contracts.

Combined rhizotomy is a minimally invasive spinal operation that can permanently reduce leg tightness (tone) from spasticity and dystonia.

Complete tracheal rings are a birth defect in the cartilage that supports a child’s airway.

Complex biventricular repair is an option for children with single ventricle heart defects to achieve two-ventricle circulation.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a condition associated with persistent pain in one or more limbs.

A concussion is a type of traumatic brain injury caused by a rapid acceleration of the brain.

A conditioned play audiometry test measures your child's ability to discriminate between different sound intensities, recognize pitch, or distinguish speech from background noise.

Congenital amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (CAMT) is a rare, inherited disorder characterized by a severely low number of megakaryocytes.

A congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation (CCAM) is a benign (non-cancerous) mass of abnormal lung tissue usually located on one lobe (section) of the lung.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections. It is incurable and is a lifetime infection.

A congenital diaphragmatic hernia is when there’s a hole in the diaphragm — a thin layer of muscle and tissue that separates the chest and abdominal cavity.

Congenital dyserythropoietic anemia (CDA) is a group of rare, inherited, conditions characterized by ineffective red blood cell production.

A congenital heart defect is a structural problem of the heart that develops during pregnancy.

Congenital herpes simplex is an infection caused by exposure in the uterus.

Congenital high airway obstruction (CHAOS) is a complete or nearly complete obstruction of the fetal airway.

Congenital HIV is HIV that is transferred from the birth mother to the child.

Congenital limb differences occur when a baby’s arm or leg does not form properly during pregnancy.

Learn about congenital nevi in children from Boston Children’s Hospital. Find out about causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for your child.

A congenital outer ear anomaly is a malformation of the outer ear.

Congenital rubella syndrome (measles) is a virus that can cause birth defects if a mother passes it to her fetus.

Congenital scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that babies are born with.

Congenital sideroblastic anemia (CSA) is a group of rare inherited disorders that decrease the number of red blood cells.

Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by the parasite toxoplasma gondii and is usually acquired by the parasite getting into the body by the mouth (for instance, by eating undercooked meat).

Congenital varicella syndrome is a very rare disorder that’s caused by an expectant mother acquiring the virus that causes chickenpox. It can lead to a number of birth defects.

Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye, is an inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye.

Constipation is when a child has infrequent bowel movement or bowel movements that are difficult to pass.

Constricted ear — also known as cup ear or lop ear — is a malformation of the helix, or outer rim, of the ear.

A contrast enema is an x-ray study that uses a water-soluble contrast agent to show the structure of the rectum, colon, and large intestine.

Gastrojejunal (GJ) tube placement is a minimally invasive, image-guided technique in which a special soft feeding catheter is placed through an existing hole in the stomach (gastrostomy) into the small...

A corneal abrasion is a scratch or injury to the cornea, which is the dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye. This is a very common occurrence in...

Corneal cross linking is a procedure to halt the progression of vision problems caused by a thinning cornea.

Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) is a rare genetic condition that affects development and growth.

A coronary artery fistula is an abnormal connection between blood vessels in the heart.

COVID-19 affects children and families in many different ways.

Cortical visual impairment is diagnosed when children show abnormal visual responses that aren’t caused by the eyes themselves.

Coughs are one of the most frequent symptoms of childhood illness and they usually are not a symptom of anything dangerous.

Complete primary repair of bladder exstrophy (CRPE) is a surgical option used to repair bladder exstrophy.

Craniofacial anomalies are deformities that affect a child’s head and facial bones.

Craniopharyngioma is a childhood brain tumor.

Craniosynostosis is a condition in which the fibrous connections grow together (fuse) too early.

Cricopharyngeal dysfunction occurs when the muscle at the top of the esophagus doesn't relax or it relaxes in an uncoordinated manner.

Crohn’s disease is a form of inflammatory bowel disease in which parts of a child’s intestinal tract become inflamed.

Croup is a disease caused by a virus that leads to swelling in the airways and problems breathing.

Crouzon syndrome is a complex genetic birth disorder that may affect a child’s face, skull, and teeth.

Cryoablation, sometimes called cryotherapy, is a minimally invasive procedure that uses extreme cold to destroy tissue that is painful, diseased or both.

CT (computed tomography) is a non-invasive procedure that uses X-ray equipment and powerful computers to create detailed, cross-sectional images of your child's body.

Cushing’s syndrome is the overproduction of corticosteroids.

Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congeita (CMTC) is a rare kind of birthmark that usually fades considerably before a child turns 1.

Cyanosis is a bluish color in the skin, lips, and nail beds caused by too little oxygen in the blood.

Cyclic neutropenia is a rare blood disorder that occurs when the body commonly has fewer white blood cells than normal.

Cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease, involves multiple parts of the body, including the lungs and digestive system.

Cystic lung disease is a term used to describe four distinct conditions that may share a degree of common origin during fetal development.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the herpes virus group of infections.

Danon disease is a rare inherited disorder that affects many organ systems.

Enuresis is the medical term for involuntary urination, or “wetting.”

Deep brain stimulation therapy uses a small device similar to a pacemaker to send mild electrical pulses to the parts of the brain that are responsible for the involuntary movements.

Delayed puberty is the lack of increase in testicle size (boys) or lack of breast development (girls).

Delayed sleep-wake phase disorder is a circadian rhythm disorder that occurs when a child's natural sleep and wake schedule is shifted later.

Dental sealants are thin, plastic films painted on the surfaces of the back teeth, on molars, and premolars.

A dentoalveolar infection is an infection in or around your child’s tooth/teeth.

Depression is a mental health disorder characterized by a sad mood that is both prolonged and severe.

Desmoid tumors are thought to develop from the fibrous tissue that forms tendons and ligaments.

Developmental delays refer to when developmental skills are at a lower level than expected for a child’s age, such as language, motor, cognition, or play.

A deviated septum occurs where there's an abnormal shape to the wall that divides your child's two nostrils.

DGAT-1 deficiency is a rare genetic disease that causes diarrhea, inability to absorb nutrients, and poor growth.

Diabetes insipidus is a rare disorder that interferes with the ability to regulate the amount of water in the body.

Diagnostic procedures for allergies are used to determine which allergies your child may have.

Diamond Blackfan anemia is a rare genetic blood disorder that occurs when the bone marrow fails to make red blood cells.

A diaper rash occurs in the area where a baby wears a diaper.

Diarrhea is defined as watery stool, increased frequency of bowel movement or both.

A diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is an aggressive type of brain tumor.

Dilation is a procedure that stretches the tissues in and around the esophagus to help children swallow normally.

Diphtheria is a bacterial disease that can infect the throat (respiratory diphtheria) or the skin (skin or cutaneous diphtheria).

Discoid meniscus is a condition in which children are born with one or more of their menisci abnormally shaped.

A dislocated knee, also known as a dislocated patella, occurs when the kneecap pops out from its normal position.

A dislocation happens when extreme force is put on a ligament and the ends of two connected bones separate.

Disruptive behavior disorders are a group of behavioral problems.

Double inlet ventricle changes the anatomy of the heart’s four chambers and affects circulation.

A DMSA renal scan is a nuclear medicine test that shows pictures of the kidneys and how they are working.

A dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET) is a low-grade, slow-growing brain tumor.

Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a type of rare congenital heart condition.

Down syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by developmental delays and learning disability.

Duane syndrome is a rare form of strabismus, or misalignment of the eye.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common and most severe type of muscular dystrophy.

A child has a duplex collecting system when a kidney has two ureters rather than one.

Dust mites are tiny organisms that feed on the shed scales of human skin. Their waste products may provoke allergic reactions.

Dyskeratosis congenita is a rare condition that can often cause bone marrow failure.

Dyslexia is a reading and writing disorder.

Dysmenorrhea is the pain associated with menstrual cramping.

Dysphagia is a term that means “difficulty swallowing.” It is the inability of food or liquids to pass easily from your child’s mouth, into the throat, and through the esophagus...

Dysthymia, also known as persistent depressive disorder, is a form of chronic depression.

Learn more about dystonia in children from Boston Children’s Hospital.

An ear infection. also called an otitis media, is inflammation in the middle ear space.

Ear molding is a non-invasive procedure that helps correct deformities or other differences to the outer rim of cartilage (helix) of one or both of their ears.

Ear tubes are small tubes that are surgically placed into your child's eardrum to help drain the fluid out of the middle ear.

Eastern equine encephalitis is a virus that’s spread by the bites of blood-sucking insects, such as mosquitos and ticks.

Eating disorders are patterns of unhealthy behaviors related to your child’s eating habits.

Ebstein’s anomaly is a rare heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve.

An echocardiogram uses sound waves to see the heart's structures.

Ectopia cordis happens when some or all of a baby’s heart doesn’t have the typical coverage of the breastbone.

Eczema (atopic dermatitis) is an inflammatory, allergic, non-contagious skin disorder that causes itchy, scaly, flaky skin.

Edema refers to swelling in the body’s tissues caused by a buildup of fluid.

Exclusive Enteral Nutrition (EEN) is a formula-based diet designed to treat children with inflammatory bowel disease.

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of disorders that affect a person's connective tissue.

An electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a painless test that measures the electrical activity of the heart.

An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a neurophysiologic technique primarily used in the evaluation of epilepsy.

Nerve conduction studies (NCS) and electromyography (EMG) are specific tests that help your child’s doctor see how his nerves and muscles are working.

Elevidys® (delandistrogene moxeparvovec-rokl) is a gene therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy in boys aged 4 and 5.

Embolization is a minimally invasive, image guided treatment that involves injecting a special material or a device into a blood vessel in order to block or close it.

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain, which is often caused by an infection or an autoimmune response.

An encephalocele is a rare birth defect in which the tissue covering the brain, and a portion of the brain itself, protrude through openings in the skull.

An enchondroma is a non-cancerous cartilage tumor that can occur in the arms and legs.

Encopresis is the involuntary leaking of feces, most often caused by chronic constipation.

EndoFLIP is a newer minimally invasive type of technology that can be used during endoscopy.

Endometriosis is when the tissue that normally lines a female's uterus grows in other places.

In endoscopic sinus surgery, microsurgical instruments open and go into the sinus cavities and clean the sinuses out.

Endoscopic strip craniectomy is a minimally invasive procedure to treat craniosynostosis.

An endoscopy is a procedure that is used to evaluate a patient’s digestive tract.

Endovenous laser ablation is a minimally invasive technique used for treating some types of vascular malformations.

Enlarged tonsils and adenoids happen when tissues in the mouth are infected.

Eosinophilic esophagitis is an allergic condition that causes inflammation and damage to the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

An ependymoma is a tumor that arises from cells that are found lining the ventricular system (areas of the brain or spinal cord where spinal fluid is found).

Epiglottitis is a life-threatening bacterial infection that occurs when the epiglottis swells, obstructing the flow of air into the lungs.

Epilepsy is a complex condition that makes a child susceptible to seizures.

Epispadias occurs when the urethra (the tube through which a child urinates) fails to close normally.

Epithelioid hemangioendothelioma is a rare vascular tumor or anomaly that arises from the cells lining the blood vessels.

An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is a non-invasive procedure that allows doctors to treat problems in the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and pancreatic duct.

Erythromelalgia (ur-i-thruh-muh-lal-jah) is a rare chronic pain disorder that can cause severe burning, redness, and pain in the extremities.

Esophageal atresia (EA) is a rare birth defect in which a baby is born without part of the esophagus (the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach).

Esophageal impedance is a diagnostic test that measures the amount and type of gastroesophageal reflux in the esophagus.

Esophageal injury and trauma can lead to esophageal strictures and other problems.

Esophageal manometry is a procedure in which a small flexible tube is placed into the nose and passed into the esophagus.

An esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus, the tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.

Esophagitis is inflammation of the lining of the esophagus, the muscular tube that connects the pharynx (throat) to the stomach.

The combined endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and choroid plexus cauterization procedure (CPC) procedure addresses hydrocephalus in infants.

Evans Syndrome is a common blood disorder that occurs when the body has fewer red blood cells than normal.

Evoked potentials (EPs) measure electrical activity produced by external stimuli, like light flashes or sound clicks.

Ewing sarcoma is a kind of cancer that grows in bones or soft tissues.

The EXIT procedure is used when a baby faces medical challenges that doctors believe will pose issues immediately post-birth.

Hirsutism is when women experience excessive hair growth on parts of the body where men usually grow hair.

Exercise stress testing is used by doctors to see how your child’s heart reacts to stress or exercise.

Eye injuries can be serious and are usually quite painful. They are a common cause of vision loss in children.

An eye socket, or orbital, fracture occurs when one or more bones surrounding the eye are broken.

Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disorder that is progressive in nature and affects many of the body’s systems.

Facial cuts and wounds can occur by a child while playing, climbing, or during sports activities.

Facial fractures are broken bones in the face.

Facial nerve paralysis happens when a child cannot move muscles that control smiling and blinking, among other facial movements.

Familial adenomatous polyposis is a rare genetic condition associated with the growth of dozens to hundreds of polyps in the GI tract.

Familial dilated cardiomyopathy is when a genetic form of dilated cardiomyopathy occurs in multiple members of a family.

Familial isolated congenital heart disease is a congenital heart condition that is both familial and isolated.

Familial thoracic aortic aneurysm and dissection (FTAAD) is a condition that affects the aorta.

Fanconi anemia is a severe lifelong condition that requires ongoing medical treatment. Boston Children's Hospital can help.

Fatty liver disease is the buildup of fat in the liver that can lead to inflammation and cell damage.

Fecal incontinence is the inability to control bowel movements.

Research shows that athletic performance stays about the same during menstruation.

Femoral anteversion is an inward twisting of the thigh bone (femur).

Fetal alcohol syndrome is a group of abnormalities that occur in babies born to mothers who consume alcohol during pregnancy.

Fetal anemia is when a fetus doesn’t have enough red blood cells or hemoglobin.

A fetal cardiac intervention (FCI) is a needle- and catheter-based procedure guided by an ultrasound image that can help improve some life-threatening heart problems in a fetus.

Fetal echocardiography is an ultrasound test performed on a pregnant woman to evaluate the heart of her unborn baby.

Fetal genetic testing offers valuable insights into potential health conditions, allowing for early intervention and care.

Fetal infections can be caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites, or other germs.

A fetal lung lesion is a mass or lump in the chest of a fetus.

Fetal pleural effusion is the buildup of fluid in a fetus' chest, which can press on the lungs, heart, and main blood vessels.

Fetal surgery is the surgical treatment of a fetus with certain life-threatening congenital abnormalities.

Your child has a fever if their temperature is 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit or higher.

Fever in a newborn happens because a newborn’s temperature regulation system is immature.

Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is an important evaluation of your child’s ability to eat and swallow.

Fibro-adipose vascular anomaly (FAVA) is a rare, but painful, vascular anomaly in which a significant portion of a muscle in one of a child's limbs is taken over by tough...

A fibrosarcoma is a malignant (cancerous) tumor that originates in the connective fibrous tissue found at the ends of bones of the arm or legs, and then spreads to other...

Fibrous dysplasia is a developmental abnormality that results in abnormal growth, pain, and deformity of the affected bones.

Fifth disease is a viral illness that causes cold-like symptoms and a skin rash.

A first-degree burn, or a superficial burn, only affects the epidermis, or outer layer of skin.

Flexible flatfoot is a common childhood condition in which a child has very little or no arch in their feet.

Seasonal flu is a common viral infection affecting children and adults every year.

Fluid aspiration and drainage is a minimally invasive procedure to remove fluid from a child that has collected abnormally.

A fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) is a procedure that delivers healthy human donor stool to a child via colonoscopy, enema, nasogastric (NG) tube, or in capsule form.

The Foker process is an innovative procedure that is used to treat some forms of esophageal atresia.

Folliculitis, boils, and carbuncles involve inflammation and irritation of various areas of the skin.

A food allergy is the body’s abnormal response to a certain food.

A fracture is a break in the bone that occurs when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can withstand.

Fragile X syndrome is a genetic condition that can cause a range of learning and developmental problems.

Frostbite is damage to the skin from freezing. Frostnip is less severe and can usually be treated at home.

Fucosidosis is a rare genetic condition characterized by an inability to properly break down certain sugars attached to specific proteins and fats in the body’s cells.

Functional abdominal pain is persistent stomach pain that does not resolve with usual treatment.

Galactorrhea is a milky discharge from the nipple of the breast in someone who is not nursing a baby.

Galactosemia is a rare genetic metabolic disorder in which babies are born without the ability to convert milk sugars into glucose.

Gallstones are solid deposits of digestive fluid in the gallbladder.

A ganglioglioma is low-grade tumor of mixed cell type.

A gastric emptying study is a nuclear medicine test that measures the time it takes the stomach to empty.

A GI bleeding scan is a nuclear medicine imaging test that can help detect the origin of your child's gastrointestinal bleeding.

Gastroparesis is a condition in which the stomach muscles do not work properly.

Gastroschisis is an opening in the abdominal wall that appears during fetal development.

Gene therapy is a technique used in an effort to treat or prevent disease.

Gene therapy for hearing loss may support children with certain genetic hearing conditions.

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is characterized by excessive and uncontrollable worry about a variety of events.

Generalized lymphatic anomaly, or lymphangiomatosis, is a rare condition involving the abnormal overgrowth of lymphatic vessels in the lungs, pleura, bones, and soft tissue.

Genetic disorders include certain types of birth defects, chronic diseases, developmental problems, and sensory deficits that are inherited from one or both parents.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in children is a chronic digestive disorder.

Germ cell tumors of the brain develop from germ cells — the cells that later become sperm in the testicles or eggs in the ovaries.

Germ cell tumors are masses of tissue formed by immature cells that normally would have developed into mature eggs or sperm.

A germinoma is a type of germ cell tumor that is most often found in the brain.

A gestational assessment is often used to evaluate your baby's appearance, skin texture, motor function, and reflexes.

A giant cell tumor is a benign solitary tumor that usually grows in the ends of long bones, and contains unusually large cells.

Glaucoma is a condition in which the normal fluid pressure inside the eyes slowly rises. The fluid collects and eventually causes loss of vision.

Glioblastoma multiformes (GBMs) are high-grade gliomas that arise from the brain’s supportive tissue (glial cells).

A glioma is a kind of brain tumor that originates from glial cells, which support and nourish neurons in the brain.

Gliomatosis cerebri is a highly aggressive, rare form of malignant astrocytic tumor.

A glomerular filtration rate test (GFR) is a nuclear medicine test that measures the function of the kidneys.

Glomerulonephritis is kidney disease where small structures in the kidneys become inflamed and impair the kidney's ability to filter urine.

A glomuvenous malformation (GVM) is a type of vascular malformation formed by an abnormal growth of blood vessels and the presence of glomus cells in the wall of the malformation.

Glucose galactose malabsorption is when a child’s body cannot absorb the simple sugars glucose and galactose.

Glycogen storage disease interferes with the liver’s ability to convert glycogen into energy.

GM1 gangliosidosis, also called beta-galactosidase-1 deficiency, is a genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

GM2 gangliosidosis is a rare genetic disorder that progressively destroys nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.

Children with Gorham-Stout disease experience gradual bone loss (osteolysis) caused by an abnormal overgrowth of lymphatic vessels.

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a bacterium that can be found in the digestive tract, urinary tract, and genital area of adults.

Growth hormone deficiency results when the pituitary gland doesn't produce enough growth hormone to stimulate the body to grow.

A growth plate fracture is a fracture that intersects the area of soft cartilage where bone growth takes place.

“Growth problems” is a broad phrase used to describe various causes and effects of conditions relating to your child’s insufficient growth.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) occurs when the immune system attacks the peripheral nervous system.

Gymnast’s wrist is an overuse injury caused by the repeated compression and loading of wrists.

Gynecomastia is a condition in which above-average amounts of breast tissue form in males.

Haemophilus influenzae, or H. influenzae, is a group of bacteria that cause different types of infections.

Halo-gravity traction is a method of gently stretching and straightening a compressed or severely curved spine.

A hamartoma is an abnormal growth that's made up of the same tissue from which it grows.

Hand-foot-mouth disease is a common viral illness that affects infants and children and often appears as a rash of small, blister-like bumps in the hands, feet, and mouth.

Hashimoto thyroiditis (autoimmune thyroiditis) is when the immune system attacks and causes inflammation in the thyroid gland.

Head injury is a broad term that describes many different types of conditions — ranging from bumps and bruises to concussions, skull fractures, and serious brain injuries.

Secondary headaches are caused by another medical condition. Primary headaches are most often migraine and tension-type headaches.

Hearing aids are electronic or battery-operated devices that can amplify and change sound.

Hearing loss is a problem with one or both or ears that reduces a child’s ability to detect sound.

Hearing tests evaluate your child’s response to sounds to determine if they have hearing loss.

Heart failure in children occurs when a child’s heart is not working as well as it should.

A heart murmur is a sound made by blood moving through the heart's chambers or valves.

A heart transplant is an operation that replaces a failing heart with a healthy heart from a deceased donor.

A heart tumor, also known as a cardiac tumor, is a rare, abnormal growth that develops in the heart.

The heart’s electrical system provides the energy to help your child's heart pump blood.

Heat-related illnesses happen when a person is exposed to abnormal or prolonged amounts of heat and humidity without relief or adequate fluids.

Helicobacter pylori, or H. pylori, is a spiral-shaped bacterium found in the stomach.

A hemangioma is a type of benign tumor in infants.

Hemangiopericytoma is a rare tumor that grows in the body’s soft tissue, which includes fat, muscles, tendons, nerves, blood vessels and other fibrous tissue.

Hematuria is blood found in your child's urine.

Hemifacial microsomia is a condition in which half of one side of the face is underdeveloped and doesn't grow normally.

Hemihyperplasia is a rare condition that causes uneven growth of one part or side of the body.

Hemitruncus is when one pulmonary artery branch arises from the ascending aorta just above the aortic sinuses, whereas the main pulmonary artery and the other pulmonary branch arise in their...

Hemolytic anemia is a sub-type of anemia, a common blood disorder that occurs when the body has fewer red blood cells than normal.

Hemolytic disease of the newborn occurs when the blood types of a mother and baby are incompatible.

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a rare condition that can lead to kidney failure in children.

Hemophilia is a bleeding disorder that slows the body’s ability for form blood clots.

Hemorrhagic disease is a bleeding problem that occurs in a baby during the first few days of life.

A hemorrhagic stroke is the result of bleeding in the brain.

Henoch-Schonlein purpura (HSP) is a form of vasculitis, a condition that involves inflammation of the blood vessels.

Hepatitis B is a liver disease caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV).

Hepatitis C is an infection that can be mild or can lead to long-term liver disease.

A hepatobiliary scan images the liver and shows the flow of bile from the liver through the hepatic ducts emptying in the small bowel.

Hepatoblastoma is a type of liver cancer in children.

Hepatocellular carcinoma, also called liver carcinoma, is a rare, aggressive type of liver cancer.

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) refers to a group of over 80 different genetic conditions that present with progressive spasticity (muscle tightness) and weakness.

Herpangina is characterized by small blister-like bumps or ulcers that appear in the mouth, usually in the back of throat or the roof of the mouth.

Herpes simplex encephalitis is a form of brain inflammation that occurs in response to infection with herpes simplex.

Herpes zoster (shingles) is a viral infection of the nerves that results in a painful rash of small blisters on a strip of skin anywhere on the body.

Heterotaxy is a rare condition where many organs in the body can be formed abnormally, in the wrong position, or even missing.

Hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a blood vessel disorder that can cause internal bleeding.

A pediatric glioma is a kind of brain tumor that starts in glial stem cells.

Hip dysplasia occurs when the hip joint has not developed properly and the socket (acetabulum) is too shallow.

A hip fracture is a partial or complete break in any of the three bones of the pelvis that make up the hip.

Hip impingement is a common cause of hip pain caused by abnormal bone development in the hip joint.

A hip labral tear is a tear in the rubbery tissue that normally cushions and supports the edge of the hip joint.

Hip pain in teens and young adults is often a sign of an underlying problem.

A hip ultrasound is used to take pictures of the hips of patients to look for a dislocated or underdeveloped hip.

Hirschsprung's disease occurs when intestinal nerve cells don’t develop properly.

Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that causes cells in the lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce.

A holter monitor is a device that performs a prolonged ECG testing. An event monitor is similar and is used to test for symptoms that occur less frequently.

Home Hydration lets patients sleep in their own beds, eat home cooked meals, and spend more time with friends and family.

Learn how to provide wound care for your child at home.

Horseshoe kidney is a condition in which the kidneys are fused together at the lower end or base.

Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) are a group of viruses that cause different types of respiratory infections.

Hydration relates to the amount of fluids the body loses vs. the amount of fluids it takes in.

A hydrocele is fluid around the testicles that presents as painless scrotal swelling.

Hydrocephalus is extra fluid in or around the brain.

Hydronephrosis isn’t a specific diagnosis. Instead, it’s a finding that shows that urine is overfilling the kidney.

Hydrops fetalis — or hydrops — is when large amounts of fluid build up in a baby’s tissues and organs, causing extensive swelling.

Hyperacusis is when a child has difficulty tolerating sounds at a volume or pitch that would not typically be bothersome to others.

Hyperbilirubinemia is a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in your baby’s blood. Because bilirubin has a pigment or coloring, it causes a yellowing of your baby’s skin...

Hyperparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands make too much parathyroid hormone.

Hypertension (high blood pressure) refers to how hard the blood is pushing against the walls of the artery through which it flows — not how quickly it flows.

Hyperthyroidism is a thyroid disorder that increases metabolism and can affect many cells throughout the body.

Hyphema refers to blood collecting in the anterior chamber of the eye, the front section of the eye's interior.

Hypocalcemia is a condition in which there is too little calcium in a baby's blood.

Hypoglycemia is the state of having a blood glucose level that is too low to effectively fuel the body's cells.

Hypopituitarism occurs when the anterior (front) lobe of the pituitary gland loses its ability to make hormones.

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome is a spectrum of heart diseases in which the left-heart structures are underdeveloped.

In hypospadias, the opening of a boy’s urethra is located under the penis rather than at the tip.

Hypothyroidism is a condition in which the thyroid gland is underactive.

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) occurs when an infant’s brain experiences a lack of oxygen and blood flow.

IB-STIM is a small electrical device worn behind the ear that helps reduce abdominal pain in children who have pain related to irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic condition that includes abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation or both that persist for two months or longer.

Idiopathic scoliosis is one of three different types of scoliosis that causes a lateral curvature of the spine.

Iliotibial band syndrome is a common cause of knee and hip pain.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disorder where your child's body attacks its own platelets and destroys them too quickly.

In an imperforate hymen, a membrane extends all the way across the area of the hymen, blocking the vaginal opening.

Impetigo is a superficial infection of the skin caused by bacteria, resulting in lesions that are often grouped and have a red base.

Infantile scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curve of the spine that affects infants and toddlers.

Infantile spasms, sometimes called West syndrome, are a type of seizure that occurs in babies.

Infectious mononucleosis, more commonly known as "mono,” is a viral illness that can cause flu-like symptoms, fatigue, and swollen lymph glands.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition in which parts of the intestinal tract become inflamed.

An inguinal hernia is a hernia that occurs in the groin area.

An inherited retinal disorder (IRD) alters the structure and function of the retina and impairs vision.

Insomnia is common in children but highly treatable. It is characterized by frequent night wakings, bedtime battles and difficulty falling and staying asleep.

Interstitial lung disease is a group of rare lung diseases that can make it difficult to breathe.

Intestinal atresia means that your child's intestines haven't formed correctly. In intestinal stenosis, the intestine has narrowed so much that it's difficult for nutrients to move through.

An intestinal transplant is a life-enhancing operation that replaces a failing intestine with an intestine from a deceased donor.

Intestinal transporter and enzyme disorders are rare genetic diseases of the intestine.

Intravenous (IV) lines give patients fluids and medications through tubes inserted into their veins and arteries.

An intravenous pyelogram (IVP) is a minimally invasive procedure that uses X-ray to visualize the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.

Intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is bleeding inside or around the ventricles — spaces in the brain that contain the cerebral spinal fluid.

Intussusception occurs when a portion of your child's intestine folds inside another segment — this causes an obstruction that prevents the passage of food, which is being digested.

Iron-refractory iron deficiency anemia (IRIDA) is a rare, inherited form of iron deficiency anemia.

Iritis is a form of uveitis and refers to the inflammation of the iris of the eye. It’s the most common form of uveitis in children.

Iron chelation drugs are used to treat an excess of iron in the body.

Iron deficiency anemia is a common blood disorder that occurs when red blood cell counts are low due to a lack of iron.

Jaundice is a condition related to the liver that causes a child’s skin and eyes to appear yellow.

Jejunal interposition replaces the missing section of a child's esophagus with a section of the jejunum.

JPS is a hereditary condition identified by the presence of multiple polyps in the GI tract.

Juvenile ankylosing spondylitis affects the spine and the sites where the muscles, tendons, and ligaments attach to bone.

Juvenile arthritis isn’t one condition, but is the general name for many types of arthritis that can occur in children.

Juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which a child’s immune system attacks blood vessels throughout his body, causing muscle inflammation.

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a rare type of blood cancer that occurs when bone marrow production of white blood cells becomes severely disregulated.

Juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA) is a benign vascular tumor that appears in the nasal cavity.

Kabuki syndrome is a rare congenital disorder.

Kaposiform hemangioendothelioma (KHE) is a benign tumor of a child's blood vessels.

Karyotype, extended banding chromosome studies, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and chromosomal microarray analysis are different chromosome studies that can help determine if your child has a genetic birth defect.

Kasabach-Merritt phenomenon (KMP) is a complication in which certain vascular tumors trap and destroy platelets.

Kawasaki disease is a childhood illness that causes inflammation of the blood vessels in many areas of the body.

KEBILIDI™ (eladocagene exuparvovec-tneq) is a gene therapy for AADC deficiency. It enables brain cells to make a working AADC protein needed for motor function.

Radical soft-tissue mobilization, also called the Kelly procedure, is a surgical option used to repair bladder exstrophy.

Keloids are nodules that develop on the surface of the skin following an injury or trauma to that area.

Keratoconus is a progressive eye condition that causes distorted, blurry vision.

A ketogenic diet (keto) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate, moderate-protein diet used to treat a number of conditions, including epilepsy.

Kidney dialysis helps the body filter blood because of issues with the kidneys.

Kidney failure refers to damage to the kidneys that results in loss of normal kidney function.

Kidney stones are small, hard deposits of mineral and acid salts formed within the urinary tract.

A kidney transplant is an operation performed to replace an end-stage kidney with a healthy one.

KIF1A-associated neurological disorder (KAND) is a set of genetic conditions caused by variants in the KIF1A gene.

Kleefstra syndrome is a rare condition that can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability.

Klippel-Feil syndrome is a rare spinal condition characterized by a short neck, low hairline, and limited neck mobility.

Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital vascular anomaly that results in your child having a large number of abnormal blood vessels.

Knock knees (genu valgum) is a condition in which the knees tilt inward while the ankles remain spaced apart.

Krabbe disease is when an abnormal accumulation of fat molecules affects the cells in the nervous system.

KYMRIAH™ (tisagenlecleucel) is a gene therapy for people with relapsed or refractory B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia or large B-cell lymphoma.

Kyphosis is an abnormal forward curve in the upper spine.

Labial hypertrophy is a harmless condition in which one or both sides of the labia grow to larger sizes.

Labial hypoplasia is a harmless condition in which one or both sides of the labia don't form normally during puberty.

Lactose intolerance is when people lack lactase, which breaks lactose into a form that can be absorbed by the blood.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) occurs when a child has too many of a certain cell type called Langerhans cells.

Children with language disorders have trouble understanding language or expressing themselves with language.

Laparoscopic total colectomy and ileoanal pull-through procedures involve removing the entire colon.

Large cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

A laryngeal cleft (or laryngotracheal cleft) is an abnormal opening between the larynx and the esophagus.

Laryngeal papillomas are viral-induced growths that usually occur on the vocal cords and surrounding structures.

Laryngomalacia (or laryngealmalacia) results from a birth defect in your child’s voice box (larynx).

Laryngotracheoplasty is a surgery to expand and repair an airway using pieces of cartilage from your child’s ear, rib cage, or thyroid.

Laser ablation surgery is used to remove tumors or diseased brain tissue that is too deep inside the brain to safely access with usual neurosurgical methods.

In a latex allergy, a child may experience symptoms such as wheezing or hives any time a product made from latex comes into contact with your child’s skin, mucous membranes...

Cholesterol is a waxy, fatlike substance that can be found all over the body. LDL, HDL, and triglycerides are types of cholesterol.

Lead poisoning occurs when lead — once a common ingredient in paint and still used in batteries, pipes, pottery, and some cosmetics — builds up in the body.

“Learning disorder” and “specific learning disability” refer to a neurodevelopmental problem in which a child of normal intellectual potential is encountering unusual difficulty with their academic functioning that cannot be...

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy causes a painless loss of central vision in people between 12 and 30 years old.

Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (aka Perthes disease) happens when the ball-shaped head of the thighbone temporarily loses its blood supply.

Leiomyosarcoma is a cancer of the muscle, particularly of soft tissue.

LENMELDY (atidarsagene autotemcel) is a one-time gene therapy for early onset metachromatic leukodystrophy. It enables children to make the ARSA enzyme, reducing MLD’s impact.

Leukemia is a type of blood cancer. It develops in the bone marrow and is the most common form of cancer in children.

Li-Fraumeni syndrome is a hereditary condition that is often associated with a pathogenic variant in the TP53 gene.

A limb-length discrepancy is when one leg or arm is shorter than the other leg or arm.

Limb-lengthening surgery is a surgical treatment that can correct a limb-length discrepancy by making a short limb longer.

Limb-salvage surgery is a surgical option for children with a malignant tumor in a long bone of their leg or arm.

Liposarcoma is a malignant soft tissue tumor that develops in fat tissue.

Little League elbow is an injury of the tendons, ligaments, or bones of a young athlete’s elbow.

Little League shoulder happens when an athlete throws too often or repeatedly throws the wrong way and hurts his shoulder.

Liver failure is the severe decline of liver function.