Related Conditions and Treatments
AC Joint Injuries
Condition
AC joint injuries are common sources of shoulder pain caused by fracture, displacement, or arthritis.
Achondroplasia
Condition
Achondroplasia is a genetic bone disorder, affecting one in 20,000 babies. It is the most common type of dwarfism.
Acute Flaccid Myelitis
Condition
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is a neurologic condition that can cause muscle weakness and possible paralysis.
Amniotic Band Syndrome
Condition
Amniotic band syndrome (constriction ring syndrome) happens when fibrous bands of the amniotic sac get tangled around a developing fetus.
Ankle Sprain
Condition
An ankle sprain is a stretch injury of the ligaments that support the ankle.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) Injury
Condition
An ACL injury occurs when the anterior cruciate ligament tears, often as a result of cutting and pivoting during sports.
Atlantoaxial Instability
Condition
Atlantoaxial instability is a condition of too much mobility in the neck that can lead to spinal cord compression.
Basilar Invagination
Condition
Basilar invagination is a rare condition in which the top of the spine compresses the brain stem.
Bone Scan
Treatment
A bone scan is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses a radioactive substance to visualize the bones.
Bone Tumors and Bone Cysts
Condition
Bone tumors and bone cysts are types of abnormal growth within a bone. Most are benign (noncancerous).
Bowlegs
Condition
Bowlegs (genu varum) is a condition in which a child’s legs curve outward at the knees.
Brachial Plexus Birth Injury
Condition
Brachial plexus birth injury is an injury to the brachial plexus nerves that occurs during childbirth.
Broken Arm
Condition
A broken arm is a crack or break in one or more of the bones in arm. They are often caused by impact injuries.
Broken Elbow
Condition
A broken elbow is a break, at or near the elbow joint, in one or more of the three arm bones that form that joint.
Broken Femur (Thighbone)
Condition
A broken femur is a fracture of the thighbone.
Broken Forearm
Condition
A broken forearm is a break in one (or both) of the bones of the forearm: the radius and/or ulna.
Broken Leg
Condition
A broken leg is a break or crack of one long bones of the leg.
Broken Tibia-Fibula (Shinbone/Calf Bone)
Condition
A broken tibia-fibula is a fracture of one or both of the long bones in the lower leg.
Bunions
Condition
A bunion is a bump that occurs at the base of the big toe.
Bursitis
Condition
Bursitis happens when one or more bursae become irritated and swollen, usually through overuse or injury.
Camptodactyly
Condition
Camptodactyly is a condition in which a bent finger cannot completely straighten.
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
Condition
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect muscle tone, posture, and movement as a result of damage to the brain of an infant.
Cleft Foot
Condition
Cleft foot occurs when the foot didn’t develop properly during fetal development.
Cleft Hand
Condition
Cleft hand is a rare hand condition in which the center portion of a child’s hand is underdeveloped.
Clinodactyly
Condition
Clinodactyly means that your child has an abnormally bent or curved finger.
Clubfoot
Condition
Clubfoot is a congenital foot deformity in which the foot turns down and inward.
Congenital Limb Differences
Condition
Congenital limb differences occur when a baby’s arm or leg does not form properly during pregnancy.
Congenital Scoliosis
Condition
Congenital scoliosis is a sideways curvature of the spine that babies are born with.
Dislocated Kneecap
Condition
A dislocated knee, also known as a dislocated patella, occurs when the kneecap pops out from its normal position.
Dislocations
Condition
A dislocation happens when extreme force is put on a ligament and the ends of two connected bones separate.
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS)
Condition
Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) is a group of disorders that affect a person's connective tissue.
Femoral Anteversion
Condition
Femoral anteversion is an inward twisting of the thigh bone (femur).
Flexible Flatfoot
Condition
Flexible flatfoot is a common childhood condition in which a child has very little or no arch in their feet.
Fractures
Condition
A fracture is a break in the bone that occurs when more force is applied to the bone than the bone can withstand.
Growth Plate Fractures
Condition
A growth plate fracture is a fracture that intersects the area of soft cartilage where bone growth takes place.
Halo-Gravity Traction
Treatment
Halo-gravity traction is a method of gently stretching and straightening a compressed or severely curved spine.
Hip Dysplasia
Condition
Hip dysplasia occurs when the hip joint has not developed properly and the socket (acetabulum) is too shallow.
Hip Fracture
Condition
A hip fracture is a partial or complete break in any of the three bones of the pelvis that make up the hip.
Hip Impingement
Condition
Hip impingement is a common cause of hip pain caused by abnormal bone development in the hip joint.
Hip Labral Tear
Condition
A hip labral tear is a tear in the rubbery tissue that normally cushions and supports the edge of the hip joint.
Hip Pain
Condition
Hip pain in teens and young adults is often a sign of an underlying problem.
Iliotibial Band Syndrome
Condition
Iliotibial band syndrome is a common cause of knee and hip pain.
Infantile Scoliosis
Condition
Infantile scoliosis is an abnormal sideways curve of the spine that affects infants and toddlers.
Kleefstra Syndrome
Condition
Kleefstra syndrome is a rare condition that can cause developmental delay and intellectual disability.
Klippel-Feil Syndrome
Condition
Klippel-Feil syndrome is a rare spinal condition characterized by a short neck, low hairline, and limited neck mobility.
Klippel-Trenaunay Syndrome
Condition
Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital vascular anomaly that results in your child having a large number of abnormal blood vessels.
Knock Knees
Condition
Knock knees (genu valgum) is a condition in which the knees tilt inward while the ankles remain spaced apart.
Kyphosis in Children
Condition
Kyphosis is an abnormal forward curve in the upper spine.
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
Condition
Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (aka Perthes disease) happens when the ball-shaped head of the thighbone temporarily loses its blood supply.
Limb Length Discrepancy
Condition
A limb-length discrepancy is when one leg or arm is shorter than the other leg or arm.
Limb-Lengthening Surgery
Treatment
Limb-lengthening surgery is a surgical treatment that can correct a limb-length discrepancy by making a short limb longer.
Limb-Salvage Surgery
Treatment
Limb-salvage surgery is a surgical option for children with a malignant tumor in a long bone of their leg or arm.
Little League Elbow
Condition
Little League elbow is an injury of the tendons, ligaments, or bones of a young athlete’s elbow.
Little League Shoulder
Condition
Little League shoulder happens when an athlete throws too often or repeatedly throws the wrong way and hurts his shoulder.
Lordosis
Condition
Lordosis is an exaggerated curve of the spine that typically affects the lower back.
Macrodactyly
Condition
Macrodactyly is an uncommon condition in which a baby's toes or fingers are abnormally large due to the overgrowth of the underlying bone and soft tissue.
Malignant Fibrous Histiocystoma
Condition
A malignant fibrous histiocytoma is a type of cancerous tumor that can start in bone or in the soft tissues that connect, support, or surround organs and other body parts.
Malunion Fracture
Condition
A malunion fracture is a broken bone that heals abnormally.
Metatarsus Adductus
Condition
Metatarsus adductus (metatarsus varus) is a common deformity that causes the front half of the foot to turn inward.
Morquio Syndrome
Condition
Morquio syndrome is a rare genetic condition that affects a child’s bones and spine, organs, and physical abilities.
Muscle Weakness (Hypotonia)
Condition
Hypotonia is decreased muscle tone.
Nerve Block
Treatment
A nerve block is a type of pain management that uses a local or regional anesthetic to block pain signals.
Nursemaid's Elbow
Condition
Nursemaid’s elbow (“pulled elbow”) occurs when the ligament that holds the radius in place at the elbow joint slips and the end of the radius shifts out of position.
Os Odontoideum
Condition
Os odontoideum happens when a separation occurs at the top of the spine.
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Condition
Osgood-Schlatter disease is an overuse condition or knee injury that causes a painful bump and swelling on the shinbone.
Osteochondritis Dissecans
Condition
Osteochondritis dissecans is a joint disorder in which a segment of bone and cartilage starts to separate from the rest of the bone.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Condition
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is characterized by fragile bones that break easily without a specific cause.
Overuse Injuries
Condition
Overuse injuries are sports-related microtraumas that result from repetitively using the same parts of the body.
Parkes Weber Syndrome
Condition
PWS is an exceptionally rare congenital vascular anomaly that results in a child having a large number of abnormal blood vessels.
Patellar Instability
Condition
Patellar instability (kneecap dislocation) happens when the kneecap slides out of place.
Patellofemoral Pain
Condition
Patellofemoral pain is pain around the front of the knee.
Periacetabular Osteotomy (PAO)
Treatment
PAO is a surgical procedure for hip dysplasia that preserves the hip joint.
Peripheral Nerve Injury
Condition
Peripheral nerve injuries interfere with signals between the brain and other parts of the body.
Pollicization Surgery
Treatment
Pollicization surgery is performed when your child has no thumb or when the thumb hypoplasia is severe.
Polydactyly
Condition
Polydactyly is a condition in which a baby is born with one or more extra fingers.
Radioulnar Synostosis
Condition
Radioulnar synostosis is a rare condition in which the two bones of the forearm — the radius and the ulna — are abnormally connected.
Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs)
Condition
Relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) happens when athletes do not get enough fuel through food to support the energy demands of their daily lives and training.
Rotationplasty
Treatment
Rotationplasty is a surgical procedure used to treat bone tumors in children that occur near the knee.
Scoliosis
Condition
Scoliosis is a condition in which the spine has an abnormal curve. A spine with scoliosis curves front to back but also curves sideways.
Scoliosis Bracing for Teens and Tweens
Treatment
The primary goal of a scoliosis brace is to keep the curve from progressing to the level that surgery is required.
Septic (Infectious) Arthritis
Condition
Septic arthritis is an infection in the joint tissues and the joint's fluid (synovial fluid).
Sever's Disease
Condition
Sever’s disease occurs when the growth plate in the back of the heel becomes inflamed and painful.
Shin Splints
Condition
“Shin splints” is a catch-all term for tenderness and pain in the area of the shin bone (tibia).
Shoulder Dislocation
Condition
A shoulder dislocation happens when the ball at the top of the arm bone separates from the shoulder socket.
Skeletal Dysplasia
Condition
Skeletal dysplasia is a category of rare genetic disorders that cause abnormal development of a baby’s bones, joints, and cartilage.
Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE)
Condition
Slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) is one of the most common developmental conditions of the hip joint.
Spinal Fusion Surgery
Treatment
Spinal fusion surgery is the most common surgical treatment for severe scoliosis in adolescents.
Spine Problems
Condition
Spine problems develop when normal spinal curves grow too large, or the spine curves in the wrong way, or when the vertebrae are not strong enough to support the spine, or injuries that compromise the structure of the spine.
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Condition
Spondylolysis is a stress fracture in the lower back. If left untreated, it can progress to spondylolisthesis, where vertebra, weakened by fracture, slips out of alignment with the rest of the spine.
Sprains and Strains
Condition
Sprains are ligament injuries resulting from wrenching or twisting a joint. Strains are injuries to a muscle or tendon.
Stress Fractures
Condition
A stress fracture is a tiny crack that forms in the bone, usually as a result of overuse or repetitive, stress-bearing motions.
Symbrachydactyly
Condition
Symbrachydactyly is a condition of short fingers that may be webbed or joined.
Syndactyly
Condition
Syndactyly is a condition in which children are born with fused or webbed fingers.
Tarsal Coalition
Condition
A tarsal coalition is an abnormal connection between two or more of the tarsal bones.
Tennis Elbow
Condition
Tennis elbow is an injury to the tendons attaching the forearm muscles to the outer part of the elbow.
Thoracic Insufficiency Syndrome
Condition
Thoracic insufficiency syndrome is a chest wall deformity that interferes with lung function and development.
Tibial Torsion
Condition
Tibial torsion is the twisting of a child’s shinbone (tibia).
Tommy John Surgery
Treatment
Tommy John surgery involves reconstruction of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) of the elbow.
Torn Meniscus
Condition
A torn meniscus can happen during any activity in which the knee is compressed or forcefully twisted or rotated.
Torticollis
Condition
Torticollis, or wryneck, is a twisted neck. It’s relatively common in children.
Types of Casts
Treatment
Different types of casts are used depending on the injury a child suffers.
Vertebral Body Tethering (VBT)
Treatment
Vertebral body tethering (VBT) is a non-fusion surgical treatment for scoliosis.
Walking (Gait) Abnormalities
Condition
A gait abnormality is an unusual walking pattern.