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1. Morton SU, Maleyeff L, Wypij D, Yun HJ, Newburger JW, Bellinger DC, Roberts AE, Rivkin MJ, Seidman JG, Seidman CE, Grant PE, Im K. Abnormal Left-Hemispheric Sulcal Patterns Correlate with Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Subjects with Single Ventricular Congenital Heart Disease. Cereb Cortex. 2019 Jun 19. View abstract
2. Benson LA, Li H, Henderson LA, Solomon IH, Soldatos A, Murphy J, Bielekova B, Kennedy AL, Rivkin MJ, Davies KJ, Hsu AP, Holland SM, Gahl WA, Sundel RP, Lehmann LE, Lee MA, Alexandrescu S, Degar BA, Duncan CN, Gorman MP. Pediatric CNS-isolated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm. 2019 May; 6(3):e560. View abstract
3. Zaidi AH, Newburger JW, Wypij D, Stopp C, Watson CG, Friedman KG, Rivkin MJ, Rollins CK. Ascending Aorta Size at Birth Predicts White Matter Microstructure in Adolescents Who Underwent Fontan Palliation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018 Dec 18; 7(24):e010395. View abstract
4. Lee PY, Huang Y, Zhou Q, Schnappauf O, Hershfield MS, Li Y, Ganson NJ, Sampaio Moura N, Delmonte OM, Stone SS, Rivkin MJ, Pai SY, Lyons T, Sundel RP, Hsu VW, Notarangelo LD, Aksentijevich I, Nigrovic PA. Disrupted N-linked glycosylation as a disease mechanism in deficiency of ADA2. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2018 Oct; 142(4):1363-1365.e8. View abstract
5. Watson CG, Stopp C, Wypij D, Bellinger DC, Newburger JW, Rivkin MJ. Altered White Matter Microstructure Correlates with IQ and Processing Speed in Children and Adolescents Post-Fontan. J Pediatr. 2018 09; 200:140-149.e4. View abstract
6. Harrar DB, Solomon J, Shah AS, Vaughn J, Durbin AD, Rivkin MJ. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Changes in a Child With Posterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Pediatr Neurol. 2018 07; 84:49-52. View abstract
7. Warejko JK, Schueler M, Vivante A, Tan W, Daga A, Lawson JA, Braun DA, Shril S, Amann K, Somers MJG, Rodig NM, Baum MA, Daouk G, Traum AZ, Kim HB, Vakili K, Porras D, Lock J, Rivkin MJ, Chaudry G, Smoot LB, Singh MN, Smith ER, Mane SM, Lifton RP, Stein DR, Ferguson MA, Hildebrandt F. Whole Exome Sequencing Reveals a Monogenic Cause of Disease in ˜43% of 35 Families With Midaortic Syndrome. Hypertension. 2018 04; 71(4):691-699. View abstract
8. Almuqbil M, Rivkin MJ, Takeoka M, Yang E, Rodan LH. Transient regional cerebral hypoperfusion during a paroxysmal hemiplegic event in GLUT1 deficiency syndrome. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2018 May; 22(3):544-547. View abstract
9. Bernson-Leung ME, Boyd TK, Meserve EE, Danehy AR, Kapur K, Trenor CC, Lehman LL, Rivkin MJ. Placental Pathology in Neonatal Stroke: A Retrospective Case-Control Study. J Pediatr. 2018 04; 195:39-47.e5. View abstract
10. Watson CG, Stopp C, Newburger JW, Rivkin MJ. Graph theory analysis of cortical thickness networks in adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries. Brain Behav. 2018 02; 8(2):e00834. View abstract
11. Lee S, Rivkin MJ, Kirton A, deVeber G, Elbers J. Moyamoya Disease in Children: Results From the International Pediatric Stroke Study. J Child Neurol. 2017 Oct; 32(11):924-929. View abstract
12. Lehman LL, Danehy AR, Trenor CC, Calahan CF, Bernson-Leung ME, Robertson RL, Rivkin MJ. Transient Focal Neurologic Symptoms Correspond to Regional Cerebral Hypoperfusion by MRI: A Stroke Mimic in Children. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017 Nov; 38(11):2199-2202. View abstract
13. Lehman LL, Beaute J, Kapur K, Danehy AR, Bernson-Leung ME, Malkin H, Rivkin MJ, Trenor CC. Workup for Perinatal Stroke Does Not Predict Recurrence. Stroke. 2017 08; 48(8):2078-2083. View abstract
14. Holland JE, Cassidy AR, Stopp C, White MT, Bellinger DC, Rivkin MJ, Newburger JW, DeMaso DR. Psychiatric Disorders and Function in Adolescents with Tetralogy of Fallot. J Pediatr. 2017 08; 187:165-173. View abstract
15. Watson CG, Stopp C, Wypij D, Newburger JW, Rivkin MJ. Reduced cortical volume and thickness and their relationship to medical and operative features in post-Fontan children and adolescents. Pediatr Res. 2017 Jun; 81(6):881-890. View abstract
16. Mrakotsky C, Augustine DW, Watson C, Canavan J, Rivkin M, Snapper S. O-003 The Brain as Extraintestinal IBD Manifestation: Are Brain and Cognitive Differences in Pediatric Crohn's Disease Associated with Immune Gene Expression? Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017 Feb; 23 Suppl 1:S1-S2. View abstract
17. DeMaso DR, Calderon J, Taylor GA, Holland JE, Stopp C, White MT, Bellinger DC, Rivkin MJ, Wypij D, Newburger JW. Psychiatric Disorders in Adolescents With Single Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar; 139(3). View abstract
18. Lee S, Mirsky DM, Beslow LA, Amlie-Lefond C, Danehy AR, Lehman L, Stence NV, Vossough A, Wintermark M, Rivkin MJ. Pathways for Neuroimaging of Neonatal Stroke. Pediatr Neurol. 2017 04; 69:37-48. View abstract
19. Mirsky DM, Beslow LA, Amlie-Lefond C, Krishnan P, Laughlin S, Lee S, Lehman L, Rafay M, Shaw D, Rivkin MJ, Wintermark M. Pathways for Neuroimaging of Childhood Stroke. Pediatr Neurol. 2017 04; 69:11-23. View abstract
20. Rollins CK, Asaro LA, Akhondi-Asl A, Kussman BD, Rivkin MJ, Bellinger DC, Warfield SK, Wypij D, Newburger JW, Soul JS. White Matter Volume Predicts Language Development in Congenital Heart Disease. J Pediatr. 2017 02; 181:42-48.e2. View abstract
21. Bernson-Leung ME, Rivkin MJ. Stroke in Neonates and Children. Pediatr Rev. 2016 Nov; 37(11):463-477. View abstract
22. Cheng HH, Rajagopal S, McDavitt E, Wigmore D, Williams K, Thiagarajan R, Grant PE, Danehy A, Rivkin MJ. Stroke in Acquired and Congenital Heart Disease Patients and Its Relationship to Hospital Mortality and Lasting Neurologic Deficits. Pediatr Crit Care Med. 2016 10; 17(10):976-983. View abstract
23. Calderon J, Stopp C, Wypij D, DeMaso DR, Rivkin M, Newburger JW, Bellinger DC. Early-Term Birth in Single-Ventricle Congenital Heart Disease After the Fontan Procedure: Neurodevelopmental and Psychiatric Outcomes. J Pediatr. 2016 12; 179:96-103. View abstract
24. Rivkin MJ, Bernard TJ, Dowling MM, Amlie-Lefond C. Corrigendum to 'Guidelines for Urgent Management of Stroke in Children' [Pediatric Neurology 56 (2016) 8-17]. Pediatr Neurol. 2016 11; 64:105. View abstract
25. Rivkin MJ. Epilepsy as the 'echo' of acute stroke in children. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2017 01; 59(1):6. View abstract
26. Schmithorst VJ, Panigrahy A, Gaynor JW, Watson CG, Lee V, Bellinger DC, Rivkin MJ, Newburger JW. Organizational topology of brain and its relationship to ADHD in adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries. Brain Behav. 2016 08; 6(8):e00504. View abstract
27. Watson CG, Dehaes M, Gagoski BA, Grant PE, Rivkin MJ. Arterial Spin Labeling Perfusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging Performed in Acute Perinatal Stroke Reveals Hyperperfusion Associated With Ischemic Injury. Stroke. 2016 06; 47(6):1514-9. View abstract
28. Mrakotsky C, Anand R, Watson C, Vu C, Matos A, Friel S, Rivkin M, Snapper S. O-018 New Evidence for Structural Brain Differences in Pediatric Crohn's Disease: Impact of Underlying Disease Factors. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016 Mar; 22 Suppl 1:S6-7. View abstract
29. Rivkin MJ, Bernard TJ, Dowling MM, Amlie-Lefond C. Guidelines for Urgent Management of Stroke in Children. Pediatr Neurol. 2016 Mar; 56:8-17. View abstract
30. Baumer FM, Ouahed J, Verhave M, Rivkin MJ. Fatal Central Nervous System Disease Following First Infliximab Infusion in a Child With Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Pediatr Neurol. 2016 Apr; 57:91-4. View abstract
31. Bellinger DC, Watson CG, Rivkin MJ, Robertson RL, Roberts AE, Stopp C, Dunbar-Masterson C, Bernson D, DeMaso DR, Wypij D, Newburger JW. Neuropsychological Status and Structural Brain Imaging in Adolescents With Single Ventricle Who Underwent the Fontan Procedure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2015 Dec 14; 4(12). View abstract
32. Bernard TJ, Friedman NR, Stence NV, Jones W, Ichord R, Amlie-Lefond C, Dowling MM, Rivkin MJ. Preparing for a "Pediatric Stroke Alert". Pediatr Neurol. 2016 Mar; 56:18-24. View abstract
33. Amlie-Lefond C, Rivkin MJ, Friedman NR, Bernard TJ, Dowling MM, deVeber G. The Way Forward: Challenges and Opportunities in Pediatric Stroke. Pediatr Neurol. 2016 Mar; 56:3-7. View abstract
34. Lehman LL, Watson CG, Kapur K, Danehy AR, Rivkin MJ. Predictors of Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack in Children. Stroke. 2016 Jan; 47(1):88-93. View abstract
35. Watson CG, Asaro LA, Wypij D, Robertson RL, Newburger JW, Rivkin MJ. Altered Gray Matter in Adolescents with d-Transposition of the Great Arteries. J Pediatr. 2016 Feb; 169:36-43.e1. View abstract
36. Fullerton HJ, Hills NK, Elkind MS, Dowling MM, Wintermark M, Glaser CA, Tan M, Rivkin MJ, Titomanlio L, Barkovich AJ, deVeber GA. Infection, vaccination, and childhood arterial ischemic stroke: Results of the VIPS study. Neurology. 2015 Oct 27; 85(17):1459-66. View abstract
37. Walker L, Chang LC, Nayak A, Irfanoglu MO, Botteron KN, McCracken J, McKinstry RC, Rivkin MJ, Wang DJ, Rumsey J, Pierpaoli C. The diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) component of the NIH MRI study of normal brain development (PedsDTI). Neuroimage. 2016 Jan 01; 124(Pt B):1125-1130. View abstract
38. Guerriero RM, Rivkin MJ. Reversible vasoconstriction syndrome involving the basilar artery in an adolescent: imaging and clinical features. Pediatr Neurol. 2015 Jun; 52(6):635-7. View abstract
39. Panigrahy A, Schmithorst VJ, Wisnowski JL, Watson CG, Bellinger DC, Newburger JW, Rivkin MJ. Relationship of white matter network topology and cognitive outcome in adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries. Neuroimage Clin. 2015; 7:438-48. View abstract
40. Rivkin MJ, deVeber G, Ichord RN, Kirton A, Chan AK, Hovinga CA, Gill JC, Szabo A, Hill MD, Scholz K, Amlie-Lefond C. Thrombolysis in pediatric stroke study. Stroke. 2015 Mar; 46(3):880-5. View abstract
41. Rollins CK, Watson CG, Asaro LA, Wypij D, Vajapeyam S, Bellinger DC, DeMaso DR, Robertson RL, Newburger JW, Rivkin MJ. White matter microstructure and cognition in adolescents with congenital heart disease. J Pediatr. 2014 Nov; 165(5):936-44.e1-2. View abstract
42. Lehman LL, Rivkin MJ. Perinatal arterial ischemic stroke: presentation, risk factors, evaluation, and outcome. Pediatr Neurol. 2014 Dec; 51(6):760-8. View abstract
43. DeMaso DR, Labella M, Taylor GA, Forbes PW, Stopp C, Bellinger DC, Rivkin MJ, Wypij D, Newburger JW. Psychiatric disorders and function in adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries. J Pediatr. 2014 Oct; 165(4):760-6. View abstract
44. Bernard TJ, Rivkin MJ, Scholz K, deVeber G, Kirton A, Gill JC, Chan AK, Hovinga CA, Ichord RN, Grotta JC, Jordan LC, Benedict S, Friedman NR, Dowling MM, Elbers J, Torres M, Sultan S, Cummings DD, Grabowski EF, McMillan HJ, Beslow LA, Amlie-Lefond C. Emergence of the primary pediatric stroke center: impact of the thrombolysis in pediatric stroke trial. Stroke. 2014 Jul; 45(7):2018-23. View abstract
45. Bellinger DC, Rivkin MJ, DeMaso D, Robertson RL, Stopp C, Dunbar-Masterson C, Wypij D, Newburger JW. Adolescents with tetralogy of Fallot: neuropsychological assessment and structural brain imaging. Cardiol Young. 2015 Feb; 25(2):338-47. View abstract
46. Rivkin MJ, Watson CG, Scoppettuolo LA, Wypij D, Vajapeyam S, Bellinger DC, DeMaso DR, Robertson RL, Newburger JW. Adolescents with D-transposition of the great arteries repaired in early infancy demonstrate reduced white matter microstructure associated with clinical risk factors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2013 Sep; 146(3):543-9.e1. View abstract
47. Greenwell EA, Wyshak G, Ringer SA, Johnson LC, Rivkin MJ, Lieberman E. Intrapartum temperature elevation, epidural use, and adverse outcome in term infants. Pediatrics. 2012 Feb; 129(2):e447-54. View abstract
48. Kirton A, Armstrong-Wells J, Chang T, Deveber G, Rivkin MJ, Hernandez M, Carpenter J, Yager JY, Lynch JK, Ferriero DM. Symptomatic neonatal arterial ischemic stroke: the International Pediatric Stroke Study. Pediatrics. 2011 Dec; 128(6):e1402-10. View abstract
49. Bellinger DC, Wypij D, Rivkin MJ, DeMaso DR, Robertson RL, Dunbar-Masterson C, Rappaport LA, Wernovsky G, Jonas RA, Newburger JW. Adolescents with d-transposition of the great arteries corrected with the arterial switch procedure: neuropsychological assessment and structural brain imaging. Circulation. 2011 Sep 20; 124(12):1361-9. View abstract
50. Maski KP, Sengupta S, Silvera M, Rivkin MJ. Intracranial artery dissection in an adolescent with Marfan syndrome. Pediatr Neurol. 2011 Jul; 45(1):39-41. View abstract
51. Rosman NP, Tarquinio DC, Datseris M, Hou W, Mannheim GB, Emigh CE, Rivkin MJ. Postnatal-onset microcephaly: pathogenesis, patterns of growth, and prediction of outcome. Pediatrics. 2011 Apr; 127(4):665-71. View abstract
52. Maril A, Davis PE, Koo JJ, Reggev N, Zuckerman M, Ehrenfeld L, Mulkern RV, Waber DP, Rivkin MJ. Developmental fMRI study of episodic verbal memory encoding in children. Neurology. 2010 Dec 07; 75(23):2110-6. View abstract
53. Lipton J, Rivkin MJ. 16p11.2-related paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia and dopa-responsive parkinsonism in a child. Neurology. 2009 Aug 11; 73(6):479-80. View abstract
54. Leppert IR, Almli CR, McKinstry RC, Mulkern RV, Pierpaoli C, Rivkin MJ, Pike GB. T(2) relaxometry of normal pediatric brain development. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 Feb; 29(2):258-67. View abstract
55. Rivkin MJ, Davis PE, Lemaster JL, Cabral HJ, Warfield SK, Mulkern RV, Robson CD, Rose-Jacobs R, Frank DA. Volumetric MRI study of brain in children with intrauterine exposure to cocaine, alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana. Pediatrics. 2008 Apr; 121(4):741-50. View abstract
56. Liu AK, Marcus KJ, Fischl B, Grant PE, Poussaint TY, Rivkin MJ, Davis P, Tarbell NJ, Yock TI. Changes in cerebral cortex of children treated for medulloblastoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 2007 Jul 15; 68(4):992-8. View abstract
57. Almli CR, Rivkin MJ, McKinstry RC. The NIH MRI study of normal brain development (Objective-2): newborns, infants, toddlers, and preschoolers. Neuroimage. 2007 Mar; 35(1):308-25. View abstract
58. Mewes AU, Hüppi PS, Als H, Rybicki FJ, Inder TE, McAnulty GB, Mulkern RV, Robertson RL, Rivkin MJ, Warfield SK. Regional brain development in serial magnetic resonance imaging of low-risk preterm infants. Pediatrics. 2006 Jul; 118(1):23-33. View abstract
59. Mulkern RV, Davis PE, Haker SJ, Estepar RS, Panych LP, Maier SE, Rivkin MJ. Complementary aspects of diffusion imaging and fMRI; I: structure and function. Magn Reson Imaging. 2006 May; 24(4):463-74. View abstract
60. Anselm IA, Anselm IM, Alkuraya FS, Salomons GS, Jakobs C, Fulton AB, Mazumdar M, Rivkin M, Frye R, Poussaint TY, Marsden D. X-linked creatine transporter defect: a report on two unrelated boys with a severe clinical phenotype. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006 Feb; 29(1):214-9. View abstract
61. Waber DP, Pomeroy SL, Chiverton AM, Kieran MW, Scott RM, Goumnerova LC, Rivkin MJ. Everyday cognitive function after craniopharyngioma in childhood. Pediatr Neurol. 2006 Jan; 34(1):13-9. View abstract
62. Rivkin MJ, Wolraich D, Als H, McAnulty G, Butler S, Conneman N, Fischer C, Vajapeyam S, Robertson RL, Mulkern RV. Prolonged T*2 values in newborn versus adult brain: Implications for fMRI studies of newborns. Magn Reson Med. 2004 Jun; 51(6):1287-91. View abstract
63. Als H, Duffy FH, McAnulty GB, Rivkin MJ, Vajapeyam S, Mulkern RV, Warfield SK, Huppi PS, Butler SC, Conneman N, Fischer C, Eichenwald EC. Early experience alters brain function and structure. Pediatrics. 2004 Apr; 113(4):846-57. View abstract
64. Kleta R, Aughton DJ, Rivkin MJ, Huizing M, Strovel E, Anikster Y, Orvisky E, Natowicz M, Krasnewich D, Gahl WA. Biochemical and molecular analyses of infantile free sialic acid storage disease in North American children. Am J Med Genet A. 2003 Jul 01; 120A(1):28-33. View abstract
65. Rivkin MJ. Opening the window into brain development in children more widely with magnetic resonance imaging. Pediatrics. 2003 Jun; 111(6 Pt 1):1432-3. View abstract
66. Rivkin MJ, Vajapeyam S, Hutton C, Weiler ML, Hall EK, Wolraich DA, Yoo SS, Mulkern RV, Forbes PW, Wolff PH, Waber DP. A functional magnetic resonance imaging study of paced finger tapping in children. Pediatr Neurol. 2003 Feb; 28(2):89-95. View abstract
67. Ment LR, Bada HS, Barnes P, Grant PE, Hirtz D, Papile LA, Pinto-Martin J, Rivkin M, Slovis TL. Practice parameter: neuroimaging of the neonate: report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2002 Jun 25; 58(12):1726-38. View abstract
68. Mulkern RV, Vajapeyam S, Robertson RL, Caruso PA, Rivkin MJ, Maier SE. Biexponential apparent diffusion coefficient parametrization in adult vs newborn brain. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001 Jun; 19(5):659-68. View abstract
69. Nankova BB, Rivkin M, Kelz M, Nestler EJ, Sabban EL. Fos-related antigen 2: potential mediator of the transcriptional activation in rat adrenal medulla evoked by repeated immobilization stress. J Neurosci. 2000 Aug 01; 20(15):5647-53. View abstract
70. Rivkin MJ. Developmental neuroimaging of children using magnetic resonance techniques. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2000; 6(1):68-80. View abstract
71. Robertson RL, Ben-Sira L, Barnes PD, Mulkern RV, Robson CD, Maier SE, Rivkin MJ, du Plessis A. MR line-scan diffusion-weighted imaging of term neonates with perinatal brain ischemia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1999 Oct; 20(9):1658-70. View abstract
72. Perez-Atayde AR, Fox V, Teitelbaum JE, Anthony DA, Fadic R, Kalsner L, Rivkin M, Johns DR, Cox GF. Mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalomyopathy: diagnosis by rectal biopsy. Am J Surg Pathol. 1998 Sep; 22(9):1141-7. View abstract
73. Rivkin MJ. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the term newborn. Neuropathology, clinical aspects, and neuroimaging. Clin Perinatol. 1997 Sep; 24(3):607-25. View abstract
74. Serova L, Nankova B, Rivkin M, Kvetnansky R, Sabban EL. Glucocorticoids elevate GTP cyclohydrolase I mRNA levels in vivo and in PC12 cells. Brain Res Mol Brain Res. 1997 Sep; 48(2):251-8. View abstract
75. Rivkin MJ, Volpe JJ. Strokes in children. Pediatr Rev. 1996 Aug; 17(8):265-78. View abstract
76. Fero ML, Rivkin M, Tasch M, Porter P, Carow CE, Firpo E, Polyak K, Tsai LH, Broudy V, Perlmutter RM, Kaushansky K, Roberts JM. A syndrome of multiorgan hyperplasia with features of gigantism, tumorigenesis, and female sterility in p27(Kip1)-deficient mice. Cell. 1996 May 31; 85(5):733-44. View abstract
77. Rivkin MJ, Flax J, Mozell R, Osathanondh R, Volpe JJ, Villa-Komaroff L. Oligodendroglial development in human fetal cerebrum. Ann Neurol. 1995 Jul; 38(1):92-101. View abstract
78. Rivkin M, Rosen KM, Villa-Komaroff L. Identification of an antisense transcript from the IGF-II locus in mouse. Mol Reprod Dev. 1993 Aug; 35(4):394-7. View abstract
79. Rivkin MJ, Volpe JJ. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the newborn. Semin Neurol. 1993 Mar; 13(1):30-9. View abstract
80. Rivkin MJ, Ye Z, Mannheim GB, Darras BT. A search for X-chromosome uniparental disomy and DNA rearrangements in the Rett syndrome. Brain Dev. 1992 Jul; 14(4):273-5. View abstract
81. Rivkin MJ, Anderson ML, Kaye EM. Neonatal idiopathic cerebral venous thrombosis: an unrecognized cause of transient seizures or lethargy. Ann Neurol. 1992 Jul; 32(1):51-6. View abstract
82. Rivkin MJ, Hedges TR, Logigian EL. Carotid dissection presenting as posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. Neurology. 1990 Sep; 40(9):1469. View abstract
83. Rivkin M, Gilmore HE. Generalized seizures in an infant due to environmentally acquired cocaine. Pediatrics. 1989 Dec; 84(6):1100-2. View abstract
84. Rivkin MJ, Aronoff SC. Pulmonary infections in the immunocompromised child. Adv Pediatr Infect Dis. 1987; 2:161-80. View abstract