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Eye disorders studied

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		Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis
		Marcus Gunn syndrome

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Learn about Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis

Learn about ROBO3

Horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliois (HGPPS) is a rare recessive Congenital Cranial Dysinnervation Disorder that has been reported in several dozen consanguineous families (related by blood) of Greek^1-4, Japanese^5,6, Chinese^7,8, Israeli⁹, North American^10-12, Dutch¹³, Italian^14,15, German^16-18, Asian¹⁹, Saudi Arabian²⁰, and Indian²⁰ descent.

Horizontal Gaze Palsy is rarely reported in isolation and may be diagnosed as Duane Syndrome Type III. Horizontal gaze palsy together with facial weakness is classified as M�bius syndrome. The only consistently inherited form of congenital Horizontal gaze palsy is when it is co-inherited with progressive scoliosis.

Clinical Description

An individual with HGPPS demonstrating absent horizontal eye movement on attempted gaze to right or left but normal vertical gaze upward and downward.

Individuals with HGPPS are born with no horizontal eye movements and develop scoliosis (curvature of the spine) as infants or children. Vertical eye movements are typically normal.

An individual with scoliosis as demonstrated by a coronal scout MR imaging of the thoracic and lumbar spine.

The progressive thoracic scoliosis found in individuals with HGPPS can be detected as early as the first months of life and is typically diagnosed by mid-childhood. No underlying pathology of muscle, spinal cord, or spine has been detected and the defect seems to most closely mimic idiopathic scoliosis.

Genetics
In 2002 Jen et al²⁰ reported identification of two HGPPS pedigrees residing in Saudi Arabia, one of Saudi and one of Indian descent. Homozygosity mapping using a 10 cM genome-wide scan revealed a 30 cM homozygous region in all six affected individuals on chromosome 11q23-q25.

In collaboration with Joanna Jen and researchers at UCLA we identified 8 additional HGPPS families located in Saudi Arabia, Turkey, Greece, Pakistan and Italian that mapped or reduced to homozygosity in the HGPPS critical region. We then went on to identify missense, nonsense, frameshift, and splicing mutations in the axon guidance molecule gene, ROBO3, in all ten HGPPS families²¹. Results of neuroimaging and neurophysiology studies undertaken on HGPPS participants found that the axons that make up the major motor and sensory pathways for communication between the brain and the body fail to cross the midline in the hindbrain of these individuals.

Please contact Caroline Andrews to obtain further information on the genetic studies that we are undertaking and if you are interested in enrolling a patient or participating yourself.

References
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM). Victor A. McKusick, Editor, Johns Hopkins University, last updated 6/23/2004 (entry number #607313). Home page: http://www3.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Omim/.

1. Dretakis, E. Familial idiopathic scoliosis associated with encephalopathy in three children of the same family. Acta orthop Hell 22, 51-55 (1970).
2. Dretakis, E.K. & Kondoyannis, P.N. Congenital scoliosis associated with encephalopathy in five children of two families. J Bone Joint Surg Am 56, 1747-50. (1974).
3. Dretakis, E.K. Congenital horizontal gaze palsy and kyphoscoliosis. J Med Genet 17, 324. (1980).
4. Dretakis, E.K. Scoliosis associated with congenital brain-stem abnormalities. A report of eight cases. Int Orthop 8, 37-46 (1984).
5. Tezuka, A. Development of scoliosis in cases with congenital organic abnormalities of the brain-stem. A report of 7 cases. Tokushima J Exp Med 18, 49-62. (1971).
6. Hamanishi, C., Tanaka, S., Kasahara, Y. & Shikata, J. Progressive scoliosis associated with lateral gaze palsy. Spine 18, 2545-8. (1993).
7. Crisfield, R.J. Scoliosis with progressive external ophthalmoplegia in four siblings. J Bone Joint Surg Br 56B, 484-9. (1974).
8. Sharpe, J.A., Silversides, J.L. & Blair, R.D. Familial paralysis of horizontal gaze. Associated with pendular nystagmus, progressive scoliosis, and facial contraction with myokymia. Neurology 25, 1035-40. (1975).
9. Granat, M., Friedman, Z. & Aloni, T. Familial infantile scoliosis associated with bilateral paralysis of conjugate gaze. J Med Genet 16, 448-52. (1979).
10. Riley, E. & Swift, M. Congenital horizontal gaze palsy and kyphoscoliosis in two brothers. J Med Genet 16, 314-6. (1979).
11. Ehrenberg, M., Jay, W.M., Sidrys, L.A. & Fritz, K.J. Congenital bilateral horizontal gaze palsy in a brother and sister. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 17, 224-6. (1980).
12. Yee, R.D., Duffin, R.M., Baloh, R.W. & Isenberg, S.J. Familial, congenital paralysis of horizontal gaze. Arch Ophthalmol 100, 1449-52. (1982).
13. Kruis, J.A., Houtman, W.A. & Van Weerden, T.W. Congenital absence of conjugate horizontal eye movements. Doc Ophthalmol 67, 13-8 (1987).
14. Rolando, S. et al. [Scoliosis and lateral gaze paralysis. Description of a case and review of the literature]. Minerva Pediatr 42, 157-60. (1990).
15. Pieh, C., Lengyel, D., Neff, A., Fretz, C. & Gottlob, I. Brainstem hypoplasia in familial horizontal gaze palsy and scoliosis. Neurology 59, 462-3 (2002).
16. Steffen, H., Thomsen, M. & Kolling, G.H. Familiare kongenitale horizontale Blickparese. Ophthalmologe 93, 380-2 (1996).
17. Thomsen, M., Steffen, H., Sabo, D. & Niethard, F.U. Juvenile progressive scoliosis and congenital horizontal gaze palsy. J Pediatr Orthop B 5, 185-9. (1996).
18. Steffen, H., Rauterberg-Ruland, I., Breitbach, N., Thomsen, M. & Kolling, G.H. Familial congenital horizontal gaze paralysis and kyphoscoliosis. Neuropediatrics 29, 220-2. (1998).
19. Stavrou, P. & Willshaw, H.E. Familial congenital horizontal gaze palsy. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 36, 47-9. (1999).
20. Jen, J. et al. Familial horizontal gaze palsy with progressive scoliosis maps to chromosome 11q23-25. Neurology 59, 432-5 (2002).
21. Jen JC, Chan WM, Bosley TM, Wan J, Carr JR, Rub U, Shattuck D, Salamon G, Kudo LC, Ou J, Lin DD, Salih MA, Kansu T, Al Dhalaan H, Al Zayed Z, MacDonald DB, Stigsby B, Plaitakis A, Dretakis EK, Gottlob I, Pieh C, Traboulsi EI, Wang Q, Wang L, Andrews C, Yamada K, Demer JL, Karim S, Alger JR, Geschwind DH, Deller T, Sicotte NL, Nelson SF, Baloh RW, Engle EC. Mutations in a human ROBO gene disrupt hindbrain axon pathway crossing and morphogenesis. Science. 2004 Jun 4;304(5676):1509-13. Epub 2004 Apr 22.


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